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Webster  Family  Itory  ot  Vefennary  Medfcine 
Cummings  School  of  Veterinary  Medicine  at 
Tijfts  University 


PRACTICE  OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE 

A   MANUAL   FOR 

STUDENTS  AND   PRACTITIONERS 
OF  VETERINARY  MEDICINE 

ARRANGED  WITH 

QUESTIONS  AND  ANSWERS 

WITH  AN  APPENDIX  CONTAINING 

PRESCRIPTIONS  FOR  THE  HORSE  AND  THE  DOG 


BY 

HARRY  D.  HANSON,  D.Y.S. 

ASSOCIATE  PROFESSOR  OF  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  AND  CLINICAL  VETERINARY  MEDICINE 

IN    THE   AMERICAN  VETERINARY    COLLEGE,  NEW  YORK  ;    VISITING   VETERINARIAN 

TO    THE    AMERICAN    VETERINARY    HOSPITAL;    MEMBER    OF    THE    UNITED 

STATES  VETERINARY   MEDICAL    ASSOCIATION;    MEMHER    OF   NEW 

YORK   STATE  VETERINARY   MEDICAL   SOCIETY;    MEMBER 

OF   VETERINARY    MEDICAL    ASSOCIATION,    NEW 

YORK   COUNTY,    ETC.,    ETC. 


NEW   YORK 

H.   D.   HANSON    &   BROTHER 

1899 


Copyright,  1898,  bt 
HARRY    D.    HANSON 


TROW  DIRECTORY 

PRINTING  AND  BOOKBINDING  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK 


^0 

niS  ESTEEMED  FRIENDS  AND  TEACHERS 

THE  ACKNOWLEDGED  FATHERS  OF  THE  VETERINARY  PROFESSION 

IN   AMERICA 

JAMES  L.   ROBERTSON,   M.D.,    D.V.S. 

PROFESSOR  OF  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  AKD  CLINICAL  VETERINARY  MEDICINE 
AND 

ALEXANDER  F.    LIAUTARD,   M.D.,  V.M. 

PROFESSOR  OF  COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY,   OPERATIVE  SURGERY,   SANITARY 
MEDICINE   AND  JTRISPRUDENCE,   ANT)  DEAN   OF  THE  FACtXTY 

IN   THE 

AMERICAN  VETERINARY  COLLEGE 

BOROUGH   OF    MANHATTAN 
NEW   YORK   CITY 

FOR  THEIR   UNTIRING   WORK 

THIS   19  SINCERELY   DEDICATED   BY 

THE  AUTHOR 


PREFACE 

Feeling  that  the  students  and  practitioners  of  Veterinary 
Medicine  have  long  been  in  need  of  a  condensed  work  on 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Equine  Pathology,  the  author  has  put 
forth  his  energy  in  their  behalf. 

He  hopes  that  his  efforts  will  not  be  misunderstood,  as  a 
small  work  like  this  cannot  and  is  not  intended  to  be  as  com- 
plete as  larger  ones.  If  this  will  be  a  help  to  students  in  get- 
ting their  degrees  and  in  passing  the  State  Boards,  and  to  the 
busy  practitioner  for  quick  reference,  then  his  efforts  have  not 
been  misplaced. 

The  author  has  used  as  concise  and  as  plain  language  as 
possible,  often  at  the  expense  of  grammatical  precision. 

Some  of  the  prescriptions  in  the  Appendix  are  those  I 
have  used  in  practice,  while  others  are  among  some  selected 
from  divers  places,  but  whose  authorship  is  unknown  to  me. 

The  following  are  the  writers  freely  referred  to :  Professors 
Jas.  L.  Kobertson,  A.  F.  Liaiitard,  W.  "Williams,  F.  Dunn, 
Wm,  Robertson,  Friedberger  and  Frohner,  Jas.  Law,  A.  Smith, 
Wm.  Osier,  Wm.  H.  Thomson,  Loomis,  Pepper,  Flint,  and 
others.  I  am  indebted  to  Professor  Eoscoe  E.  Bell  for  his 
valuable  assistance  in  correcting  proof,  and  to  my  brother,  F.  E. 
Hanson,  D.V.S.,  who  has  kindly  assisted  me  in  preparing  the 
Index. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  ask  and  highly  appreciate  any 
suggestions  Avhich  the  readers  may  feel  disposed  to  make  for 
the  improvement  of  the  work. 

THE  AUTHOR. 

New  York  City,  January,  1899. 


CONTENTS. 

SECTION   I. 

INTKODUCTION. 

PAGE 

1.  Pathology  (General  and  Special) 33 

Etiology  34 

Semiology    34 

Pain   35 

Pulse   35 

Respiration  (Cough) 37 

Temperature 39 

Mucous  Membranes   40 

Nosology  and  Nomenclature  41 

Suffixes 41 

Prefixes 42 

Diagnosis 42 

Differential  42 

Prognosis   43 

Morbid  Anatomy   43 

Treatment 43 

2.  Disease  44 

Functional  and  Organic 44 

Contagious  and  Infectious  44 

Miasmatic   44 

Communicable  45 

Sporadic   45 

Enzootic,  Epizootic,  and  Panzootic 45 

Zymotic   45 

3.  Termixatiox  of  Disease 46 

Cure,  Secondary  Process,  or  Death 46 

23 


24  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

4.  Modes  of  Death 46 

Beginning  at  the  Heart 46 

Beginning-  at  the  Lungs 47 

Beginning  at  the  Brain 48 


SECTION  11. 
INFLAMMATION. 

1.  Inflammation  49 

Vascular  Changes 49 

Etiology  50 

Clinical   Symptoms 51 

General  Symptoms 51 

Forms  52 

Exudations  (Varieties) 52 

Catarrhal 53 

Croupous   53 

Diphtheritic 54 

Parenchymatous  54 

Specific  and  Non-specific 55 

Terminations  55 

Treatment 56 

2.  Atrophy,  Simple  and  Numerical 57 

General  and  Partial 57 

3.  Degeneration  57 


SECTION  III. 

CLASSIFICATION    OF    DISEASES. 

General  Diseases. 

Fever    58 

Characteristics 58 

Kinds  58 

Stages  and  Symptoms  59 

Forms   gO 

Simple   60 


CONTENTS.  25 

PAGE 

Hectic   GO 

Continued    61 

Eemittent    61 

Intermittent 61 

Causes  of  Fever 61 

Treatment   61 

Diseases  or  Ch^vxges  est  the  Blood 62 

Anaemia   62 

Polycytha^mia    64 

Leucoeytha?mia  64 

Hyperinosis 66 

Hypinosis    67 

I>'FECTIOUS  AND  EPIZOOTIC  DISEASES 67 

Influenza  67 

Ehino-adenitis   70 

Malignant   72 

Variola   73 

Horse-pox   , 74 

Glanders 75 

Chronic    76 

Latent   77 

Acute    77 

Farcy 77 

Maladie  du  Colt 7S 

Actinomj'cosis  80 

Equine  Rabies 82 

Dysentery   83 

Cerebro-spinal  Meningitis 85 

Septicfemia  86 

Pyaemia 87 

Tetanus    89 

CONSTITrTIONAL   DISEASES 92 

Purpura  Hasmorrhagica 92 

Haemophilia 95 

Osteomalacia   96 

Rickets   93 

Osteoporosis 100 

Diabetes  102 

Mellitus    103 

Insipidus   IO4 


26  CONTENTS. 

SECTION  IV. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATOKY   SYSTEM. 
Local,  Diseases. 

PAGE 

1.  Physical  Diagnosis 105 

Inspection   105 

Palpation ».  105 

Mensuration  106 

Succussion   106 

Percussion  106 

Normal  Sounds  107 

Abnormal  Sounds 107 

Auscultation    108 

Normal  Sounds 108 

Eales  109 

Dry  and  Moist 110 

Laryngeal  and  Bronchial  110 

Pleural    Ill 

2.  Diseases  of  the  Nasal  Passage Ill 

Acute  Nasal  Catarrh Ill 

Chronic  Nasal  Catarrh 113 

Epistaxis  115 

3.  Diseases  of  the  Larynx 116 

Acute  Laryngitis 117 

Chronic  Laryngitis   11<) 

Laryngeal  ODdema  120 

Roaring   121 

4.  Diseases  of  the  Bronchi 123 

Acute  Catarrhal  Bronchitis 124 

Chronic  Bronchitis 126 

Bronchiectasis 128 

5.  Diseases  of  the  Lungs 129 

Pulmonary  Congestion 129 

Active    129 

Passive    130 

Pulmonary  CEdema 131 

Broncho-pulmonarj^  Hemorrhage 132 

Acute  Lobar  Pneumonia 134 


CONTENTS.  27 

PAOB 

Broncho-pneumonia   141 

Chronic  Interstitial  Pneumonia 142 

Pulmonary  Emphysema 143 

Diseases  of  the  1'leura 147 

Acute  Pleuritis 147 

Empysema 153 

Ilydrothorax 153 

Pneumothorax    153 

Pneumo-hydrothorax   154 

Pyo-pneumo-hydrothorax    154 

Haemato-pneumothorax 154 

Pneumo-nokoniosis    154 


SECTION  V. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    DIGESTIVE    SYSTEM. 

1.  Diseases  of  the  Mouth  and  Pharynx 155 

Lampas    155 

I'arrot  Mouth 156 

Cribbing  156 

Wind  Slicking 156 

Irregular  Teeth    157 

Stomatitis  157 

Glossitis    158 

Aphtha?    159 

Parotiditis 159 

Pharyngitis    160 

Paralysis  of  the  Pharynx 161 

Post-pharyngeal  Abscess 162 

Pus  in  the  Guttural  Pouches 162 

2.  Diseases  of  the  CEsophagus 164 

Choking 164 

Stricture  of  the  Oilsophagus 166 

Dilatation  of  the  CEsophagus 166 

Kupture  of  the  CEsophagus 167 

Paralysis  of  the  CEsophagus 168 

Spasm  of  the  CEsophagus 168 

CEsophagitis 168 


28  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

3.  Diseases  of  the  Stomach 109 

Toxic  Gastritis 169 

Acute  Indigestion 170 

Clironic  Dyspepsia 172 

Impaction  of  the  Stomach 173 

Ilupture  of  the  Stomach 174 

4.  Diseases  of  the  Intestines 175 

Spasmodic  Colic 175 

Flatulent  Colic 177 

Invagination 178 

Volvulus    178 

Enteritis    179 

Diarrhoea 182 

Constipation   182 

Costiveness   183 

5.  Diseases  of  the  Peritoneum 183 

Peritonitis 183 

Ascites    185 

6.  Diseases  of  the  Liver 185 

Icterus  (Jaundice) 185 

Hejiatic  Hypersemia 180 

Acute  Parenchymatous  Hepatitis 187 

Chronic  Interstitial  Hepatitis 188 

Amyloid  Liver ■ 189 

Fatty  Liver 189 

7.  Diseases  of  the  Spleen 190 

Splenitis    190 

8.  Diseases  of  the  Pancreas 191 

Pancreatitis   191 


SECTION  VI. 

DISEASES    OF    THE    UKINAKY    SYSTEM. 

Circulatory  Disturbances   192 

Nephritis    193 

Parenchymatous 193 

Interstitial 195 


CONTENTS.  29 

Pyelitis 19b 

Perinephritis 196 

Hydronephrosis 197 

Nephroptosis 107 

Nephrolithiasis 107 

The  Urine   107 

Physical  Properties  197 

Examination  of   199 

Test  for  Phosphates 199 

Test   for  Albumin 199 

Test  for  Bile   199 

Test  for  Urea   199 

Test  for  Blood   199 

Test  for  Sugar   200 

Test  for  Chlorides  200 

Test  for  Pus  200 

Hasmaturia    201 

Pyuria    ^^^ 

Anuria    ^*^"' 

Incontinence  of  Urine   202 

Cystitis    203 


SECTION    VII. 

DISEASES    OF   THE    CIRCULATOKY    SYSTEM. 

Diseases  of  the  Circulatory  System 204 

Pericarditis  ~^^ 

Endocarditis   ^^' 

Myocarditis  ~^^ 

Cardiac  Hypertrophy -^'^"^ 

Cardiac   Dilatation 200 

Cardiac  Palpitation 210 

Arrhythmia    211 

Tachycardia    ~1- 

Brachy cardia    211 


30  CONTENTS. 

SECTION  VIII. 

DISEASES   OF   THE   DIAPHRAGM. 

PASE 

Diseases  of  the  Diaphragm 213 

Spasm   213 

Eupture  213 

SECTION  IX. 

DISEASES   OF   THE    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System 215 

Delirium    215 

Hypersesthesia  215 

Hyperalgesia    215 

Paraesthesia  215 

Anaesthesia  215 

Coma   215 

Carus    215 

Sopor  216 

Paroxysmal   Vertigo 216 

Chorea 218 

Cramp  of  the  Patella  Muscles 219 

Catalepsia   219 

Epilepsy  220 

Cerebral  Hyperaemia   220 

Cerebral  AnEsmia 221 

Cerebral  Hemorrhage 222 

Meningeal  Hemorrhage   223 

Cerebral  Embolism   224 

Cerebral  Thrombosis 224 

Encephalitis 225 

Cerebritis    225 

Meningitis   226 

Arachnitis   226 

Pachymeningitis    226 

Leptomeningitis    226 


CONTENTS.  31 

FAOE 

Hydrocephalus 227 

Congenital 227 

Acquired 228 

Paralysis  230 

Hemiplegia 230 

Paraplegia 230 

Myelitis    230 

Apoplexy  of  the  Spinal  Cord 230 

Polio-mjelitis    230 

Spasm   231 

Cramp  231 

Keflex  Action 231 

Spinal  Meningitis 232 


SECTION  X. 
INTOXICATIONS. 

Sunstroke    234 

Thermic  Fever   234 

Heat  Exhaustion   234 

Azoturia   236 


APPENDIX. 

Prescriptions  used  in  Equine  Practice §41 

Prescriptions  used  in  Canine  Practice »45 

Index 247 


Practice  of  Equine  Medicine. 


SECTION  I. 


INTRODUCTION. 

What  is  meant  by  the  practice  of  equine  medicine  ? 

This  we  understand  to  be  the  exercise  of  medical  art,  and  in- 
cludes all  the  knowledge  which  has  been  acquired  of  the  causes, 
pathology,  symptoms,  and  cure  of  the  diseases  of  the  horse  tribe. 

I.  PATHOLOGY. 

What  is  pathology  ? 

It  relates  to  the  study  of  disease  ;  being  derived  from  pathos, 
signifying  "a  disease,"  and  logos,  meaning  "a  discourse  ;"  thus,  a 
discourse  of  disease  or  a  doctrine  of  disease. 

What  is  zoo-pathology? 

The  term  zoo-pathology  is  more  properly  applied  to  veterinary 
medicine,  and  signifies  the  doctrine  of  diseases  of  animals. 

How  is  pathology  divided  ?  ^' 

Pathology  is  divided  into  general  j^athology  and  special  pa- 
thology. 

Define  each. 

General  pathology  is  the  study  of  groups  of  diseased  processes. 

Special  pathology  is  the  diseased  processes  occurring  in  one 
affection  ;  or,  it  has  to  do  with  particular  and  individual  diseases 
exhibited  in  particular  animals. 

What  does  general  pathology  include  ? 

It  includes  aiiulogy,  semiology,  nosology,  diagnosis, prognosis, 
morbid  anatomy,  treatment. 

SB 


34  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  meant  by  aetiology  ? 

It  is  that  division  of  general  jjnt^iologt/  that  treats  of  the  cause 
of  disease  ;  or,  it  is  the  condition  under  wliich  disease  arises,  or  the 
agents  through  which  disease  is  produced. 

How  may  causes  be  divided  ? 

We  may  divide  causes  into  predisposing  and  exciting;  they  may 
also  be  divided  into  internal  and  external. 

What  are  predisposing  causes  ? 

They  are  certain  influences  or  conditions  of  the  animal  body 
which  disposes  it  to  the  action  of  disease  by  the  application  of  some 
exciting  factor,  and  may  be  inherited  or  acquired. 

Define  exciting  causes. 

Exciting  causes  are  those  circumstances  and  agents  which  may 
excite  disease  by  operating  on  an  already  predisposed  body. 

What  is  included  under  internal  or  intrinsic  causes  ? 

Internal  or  endopathic  causes  include  heredity,  age,  pi'cvioics 
disease,  dreed  or  variety,  temperame?it,  idiosyncrasy,  or  diathesis. 

The  external  or  exopathic  causes  include  what  ? 

External  or  extrinsic  causes  include  atmospheric  influences, 
temperature  (extreme  heat  or  cold),  faulty  diet,  luorJc,  defective 
sanitary  conditions,  mechanical  causes. 

Define  semiology  or  symptomatology. 

Symptoms  are  the  language  of  diseased  nature  ;  symptoms  and 
signs  are  such  alterations  in  the  healthy  functions  as  give  evidence 
of  the  existence  of  a  diseased  condition  or  perverted  function. 

Why  do  we  study  symptoms  ? 

We  study  symptoms  to  enable  us  to  make  a  diagnosis  or  pi'og- 
nosis,  and  to  be  able  to  treat. 

Symptoms  are  how  divided  ? 

Symptoms  may  be  divided  into  objective  and  subjective. 

Define  each. 

Symptoms  are  said  to  be  objective  when  evident  to  the  senses  of 
the  observer ;  subjective,  when  felt  and  complained  of  by  the  patient. 

Symptoms  are  also  general  or  local,  idiopathic  or  sympathetic 
(secondary),  premonitory  (precursory)  or  commemorative. 


INTUODUCTION.  35 

Symptoms  may  again  be  divided  into  ding  noetic,  j^rognostic, 
pathognoino}iic,  tlierapeutic.  Tliey  may  be  active  (dynamical),  pas- 
sive (statical),  positive  (direct),  negative  (indirect). 

What  is  understood  by  a  pathognomonic  or  pathognos- 
tic  symptom  ? 

K2)(it]i(jg-)tO)noiiic  symptom  is  a  symptom  or  set  of  symptoms 
peculiar  to  any  particular  disease.  Two  or  more  symptoms  are  usu- 
ally required  to  make  them  pathognostic  ;  for  instance,  in  glanders, 
the  ulcer,  the  oily-like  discharge,  and  the  swollen  intermaxillary 
glands. 

GENERAL   SYMPTOMATOLOGY. 

What  is  understood  by  general  symptomatology  ? 

It  is  the  study  of  those  symptoms,  as  pain,  the  pulse,  expres- 
sion of  the  face,  the  tongue,  and  mucous  membranes,  the  respiration 
(including  cough),  and  the  temperature,  not  connected  with  any 
special  disease,  but  with  diseased  processes  generally. 

Describe  the  varieties  of  pain. 

Sharp,  acute,  cutting,  darting,  and  lancinating  (generally  of 
intermittent  character);  seen  in  peripheral  nervous  troubles,  as 
neuralgia  and  inflammation  of  serous  membranes.  Dull,  gnawing, 
and  more  or  less  continuous;  seen  in  chronic  tissue  change;  as  a 
rule,  in  hepatic  and  splenic  affections  and  inflammation  of  mucous 
membranes.  Exceptions :  In  malignant  diseases,  as  cancer,  the  pain 
is  sharp.  The  pain  is  sharp,  although  there  is  chronic  tissue  change. 
The  character  of  the  pain  varies,  according  to  the  tissue  involved. 
In  inflammation  of  the  skin  it  is  burning  and  itching.  In  inflam- 
mation of  mucous  membranes  it  is  aching  and  throbbing.  In 
inflammation  of  hone  it  is  dull  and  boring. 

Describe  the  physiognomy  of  disease. 

Some  diseases  have  their  own  physiognomy  (if  the  expression 
be  permitted),  and  we  can  only  appreciate  the  same  by  continued 
observation.  Certain  external  appearances,  position  of  the  body, 
etc.,  come  under  this  head. 

What  is  the  pulse  ? 

T\\Q pulse  may  be  said  to  be  the  expansion  of  the  artery,  pro- 
duced by  the  wave  of  the  blood,  set  in  motion  by  the  overfilling  of 
the  aorta  at  each  ven  trie  Alar  systole. 


30  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Where  may  the  pulse  be  appreciated  ? 

Priucipally,  at  the  lower  border  of  the  inferior  maxillary  bone, 
along  the  shin-bones,  or  on  either  side  of  the  tail. 

Is  there  any  relation  between  the  pulse-beat  and    the 
respiration  ? 

In  health  there  is  somewhat  of  a  uniformity  between  the  fre- 
quency of  the  pulse  and  the  respiratory  movements — about  three 
or  four  pulse-beats  to  one  respiration.  This  proportion  is  not  con- 
stant in  all  animals. 

How  many  beats  per  minute  are  there  in  the  normal 
pulse  ? 

The  pulse  beats  about  forty  times  per  minute.  Anywhere 
from  thirty-six  to  forty-two  may  be  normal.  The  corresponding 
respirations  are  ten  or  twelve  to  fifteen  per  minute. 

In  man  about  the  same  ratio  exists,  the  average  number  of 
respirations  being  eighteen  to  the  seventy-two  pulse-beats. 

How  should  the  abnormal  pulse  be  studied  ? 

The  pulse  should  be  studied  as  regards  its  frequency  or  infre- 
qnency,  its  quichiiess  or  slowness,  its  largeness  or  smallness  (volume 
or  strength),  and  its  hardness  or  softness,  as  well  as  its  rhythm. 

What  is  understood  by  a  frequent  pulse  ? 

A  frequent  j)ulse\&  one  in  which  the  number  of  beats  is  greater 
than  usual  in  a  given  time. 

The  frequency  has  reference  to  the  succession  of  the  pulsations. 

An  infrequent  pulse  is  one  in  which  the  number  of  beats  is  less 
than  usual  in  a  given  time.     This  often  suggests  brain  trouble. 

What  is  a  quick  pulse  ? 

A  quick  pulse  is  one  in  which  each  beat  occupies  less  than  the 
usual  time,  though  the  whole  number,  in  a  given  time,  may  not  be 
much  increased. 

The  quickness  is  referable  to  the  time  occupied  by  each  beat 
of  the  pulse. 

A.  jerking  pulse  is  a  modified  quick  2:»ulse. 


INTRODUCTION.  37 

What  is  meant  by  a  slow  pulse  ? 

A  slow  or  long  pulse,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  the  result  of 
a  slow  auricular  systole. 

Define  a  large  pulse. 

A  large  pulse  is  seen  when  the  volume  is  greater  than  nsnaL 

What  is  a  small  pulse  ? 

This  is  where  the  volume  is  less  than  usual. 

What  is  understood  by  a  hard  pulse  ? 

This  is  where  the  artery  resists  compression ;  the  pulse  feels 
like  a  cord  or  quill.  It  is  generally  associated  with  an  incompres- 
sible pulse,  and  seen  in  inflammations  of  serous  membranes. 

What  is  a  soft  pulse  ? 

A  soft  pulse  is  where  the  artery  can  be  compressed.  It  is  gen- 
erally seen  in  inflammation  of  mucous  surfaces. 

What  do  you  understand  by  an  irregular  pulse  ? 

This  is  where  tlie  volume  and  duration  are  not  uniform — that 
is,  it  may  be  a  combination  of  either  a  hard,  soft,  frequent,  infre- 
quent, large,  small,  strong,  or  weak  pulse. 

Describe  an  intermittent  pulse. 

It  is  where  an  occasional  beat  is  omitted ;  this  omission  may 
be  regular — that  is,  occurring  after  a  certain  number  of  beats ; 
or,  again,  it  may  be  irregular,  occurring  at  various  and  irregular 
intervals. 

RESPIRATION   (INCLUDING   COUGH). 

"We  must  remember  the  natural  relation  between  the  respiration 
and  the  pulse,  which  is  not  present  in  disease.  In  our  clinical  exam- 
inations and  observations  we  must  take  note  of  the  number  of  res- 
pirations per  minute,  and  whether  easy,  calm,  and  full,  or  difficult, 
painful,  and  catching. 

What  are  some  of  the  varieties  of  respiration  ? 

We  have  accelerated  breathing,  difficult  or  oppressed  IreatMng 
(also  called  dyspnoea),  aMominal,  tJioracic,  irregular,  and  stertorous 
respiration. 


88  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Define  each. 

Quickened  or  accelerated  breathing  is  where  there  is  a  simple 
numerical  increase  of  the  respirations ;  seen  from  any  cause  which 
increases  the  circulation. 

Difficult  breathing,  or  dyspncea,  is  due  to  some  obstruction  to 
the  passage  of  air  into  the  lungs,  thus  causing  labored  breathing ; 
seen  in  diseases  of  the  larynx,  trachea,  etc. 

Abdominal  breathing  is  where  the  muscles  of  that  region  are 
brought  into  play  almost  altogether ;  seen  in  pleurisy,  hydro-thorax. 

Thoracic  breathing  is  where  this  region  is  entirely  or  mostly 
used  ;  seen  in  ascites,  tympanites. 

Irregular  breathing  is  where  there  is  a  want  of  harmony  be- 
tween the  inspiratory  and  expiratory  acts  ;  seen  in  pulmonary  em- 
physema. 

Snoring  or  stertorous  breathing  is  characterized  by  a  peculiar 
sound,  called  snoring,  during  inspiration,  and  ofttimes  indicates 
serious  cerebral  trouble. 

What  is  understood  by  a  cough  ? 

A  cough  is  a  deep  inspiration,  with  the  closure  of  the  glottis, 
followed  by  a  sudden  forced  expiration,  which  is  obstructed  on  ac- 
count of  the  sudden  closure  of  the  glottis  ;  the  abdominal  muscles 
are  then  brought  into  play,  jsushing  the  intestines  against  the  dia- 
phragm, which,  in  turn,  presses  the  air  in  the  lungs  till  the  tension 
is  such  as  to  cause  a  separation  of  the  vocal  cords,  with  the  char- 
acteristic sound  called  cough. 

What  is  the  object  of  a  cough  ? 

It  is  to  rid  the  air-passages  of  any  foreign  substance,  which  is 
generally  mucus. 

What  are  the  varieties  of  cough  ? 

A  moist  cough,  a  dry  cough,  and  a  suppressed  cough. 

Define  each. 

A  moist,  expectorant  cough  is  generally  seen  in  a  diseased  con- 
dition of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  air-passages  where  the 
secretion  of  mucus  is  increased. 

A  hard,  dry,painfid,  non-exjiectorant  cough  is  seen  where  there 
is  an  arrest  of  the  secretions  of  the  air-passages. 


INTRODUCTION.  39 

A  sJiort,  siqjpressed,  va\Ci  painful  cough  is  seen  in  inflammations 
of  the  serous  membranes  of  the  chest. 

What    symptoms   are    furnished  by   the   secretions   and 

excretions  ? 

These  are  often  very  beneficial  in  aiding  us  to  diagnose  and 
prognose.     They  maybe  increased,  diminished,  or  otherwise  altered. 

We  should  inquire  about  the  condition  of  the  bowels  and  blad- 
der as  regards  their  evacuation.  Xote  the  color  (dark,  bloody, 
etc.),  the  consistency  (thick  or  thin),  the  reaction,  odor,  and  density; 
then,  again,  if  passed  frequently  and  in  small  quantities,  and  if 
painful. 

In  regard  to  the  bowels,  the  odor,  color,  shape  (consistency, 
quantity,  and  the  number  of  times). 

Very  much  information  may  be  derived  by  knowing  the  con- 
dition of  the  various  secretions.  If  the  secretions  are  diminished, 
the  animal  is  unable  to  digest  his  food  properly. 

What  does  the  rise  of  temperature  denote,  and  what  is 
the  normal  temperature  ? 

In  the  horse,  the  average  normal  temperature  is  100°  Fahren- 
heit when  taken  per  rectum  ;  above  that  is  an  indication  of  fever. 

The  temperature  is  very  important,  and  it  should  be  taken 
twice  a  day,  and  at  about  the  same  time  each  day,  as  the  tempera- 
ture varies  at  different  times  of  the  day. 

What  temperature  denotes  a  fever  ? 

A  temperature  rising  one  degree  above  the  normal  indicates 
fever  ;  from  101°  to  103°  denotes  a.  simple  or  slight  fever ;  from 
103°  to  104°  a  decided  fever;  from  104°  to  10G°  a  high  fever;  and 
when  above  106^°  it  denotes  danger. 


TABLE   OF   THEEMOMETRIC   EQUIVALENTS. 

To  convert  degrees  Fahrenheit  into  degrees  Centigrade,  use 
the  following  : 

To  convert  degrees  Centigrade  into  degrees  Fahrenheit,  use 
the  following : 

a;0  c.  =  li-  +  32. 
o 


40 


PRACTICE  OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 


Deprrees  F.  Degrees  C. 


95 

96 

96.8 

97 

98 

98.6 

99 

99.2 

99.4 

99.6 

99.8 
100 
100.2 
100.4 
100.6 

100.8: 


:  34.999 
35.555 

:  35.999 
36.111 
36.666 
36.999 
37.222 
37.333 
37.444 
37.555 
37.666 
37.777 
37.888 
37.999 
38.111 
38.222 


35 
36 

37 


=  38 


Degrees  F.  Degrees  C. 


101 

101.2 

101.4 

101.6 

101.8 

102 

102.2 

102.4 

102.6 

102.8 

103  : 
103.6 

104  : 
104.2 
104.4 

104.6: 


39 


38.333 
:  38.444 
:  38.555 

38.666 

38.777 

38.888 

38.999 

39.111 

39.222 

39.333 

39.444 

39.777 

39.999  =  40 

40.111 

40.222 

40.333 


Degrees  P.    Degrees  0. 


104.8 

105 

105.2 

105.4 

105.6 

105.8 

106 

106.4 

107 

107.6 

108 

109 

109.4 

110 

111.2 

112 


=  41 


:  40.444 

40.555 

40.666 
:  40.777 

40.888 

40.999 

41.111 
:  41.333 

41.666 

41.999  =  42 

42.222 

42.777 

42.999  =  43 

42.333 

43.999  =  44 

44.444 


Is  the  temperature  of  any  prognostic  value  ? 

Yes  ;  in  fevers,  for  instance,  a  steady  decline  denotes  a  favor- 
able issue,  while  a  rising  temperature  shows  danger.  Again,  if  it 
remains  high  when  it  should  fall,  it  is  an  unfavorable  symptom. 

In  regard  to  the  indications  for  treatment,  of  what  use 
is  the  temperature  ? 

If  the  temperature  is  very  high,  it  calls  for  antipyretics,  as 
quinine,  acetanilid,  antipyrin,  etc.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the 
temperature  is  low,  it  calls  for  stimulants,  as  alcohol,  ammonium 
carbonate,  etc. 

What  benefit   may  be  derived  by  the  appearance  of  the 
tongue  and  mucous  membranes  ? 

The  general  appearance  of  the  visible  mucous  membranes  is 
very  important  and  aids  materially  in  making  a  diagnosis,  in  prog- 
nosing,  and  in  the  treatment. 


What  alterations  may  take  place  ? 

Alterations  in  color,  principally.  They  may  become  paler  than 
normal  in  cases  of  anaemia  ;  increased  redness  in  congestions  or  in- 
flammations ;  yellow  in  liver  troubles;  slate-color  in  glanders  ;  blu- 
ish in  chronic  catarrh  ;  may  show  petechial  spots,  as  in  purpura.  . 


INTRODUCTION.  41 

What   symptoms  are   furnished  by  the  extremities  and 

the  surface  of  the  body  ? 

Normally,  these  have  a  warm,  genial  sensation  to  the  sense  of 
feel,  and  variations  of  tlie  temperature  of  these  in  disease  are  of 
major  imjDortauce. 

In  inflammatory  processes  the  ears,  the  legs,  and  the  surface 
of  the  body  may  be  cold — may  be  deathly  cold,  as  it  is  termed. 

If  they  keep  cold  for  a  length  of  time,  it  is  an  indication  of 
trouble  of  a  grave  nature. 

If  there  is  also  present  what  is  called  a  "  cold  sweat,"  the  life 
is  in  danger. 

What  is  understood  by  the  terms  nosology  and  nomen- 
clature ? 

Nosology  is  the  division  and  classification  of  diseases  ;  nomen- 
clature signifies  the  naming  of  the  diseases.  These  are  both  divis- 
ions of  general  pathology.  It  is  desired,  in  the  naming  of  the  dis- 
ease, that  such  names  chosen  shall  express  the  condition  present  as 
well  as  the  location  ;  this,  however,  is  often  very  difficult. 

The  following  suffixes  and  prefixes,  etc.,  are  a  few  of  the  most 
common,  and  may  aid  in  defining  and  locating  various  affections  : 

In  inflammations,  the  suffix  "-itis"  is  used,  as  "bronchitis." 

If  catarrh,  transudation,  or  a  flux,  the  suffix  "  -rhoea"  is  used, 
as  "diai'rhoea." 

If  a  hernia  or  rupture,  the  suffix  "  -cele  "  is  employed,  as  ''hy- 
drocele "  (a  sac  with  serum  or  water). 

If  in  the  blood,  the  suffix  "-amia^is  used,  as  "anaemia,'' 
"  polycythaemia,"  "  hypergemia." 

If  in  the  urine,  the  suffix  "-uria,"  as  "  azoturia,"  "  haematuria." 

If  hemorrhage,  the  suffix  "  -rhagia,"  as  "  enterrhagia." 

In  pain  without  inflammation,  the  suffix  "-algia,"as  "neu- 
ralgia." 

The  following  are  some  of  the  prefixes  used  : 

"  A-,"  "an-,"  "am-,"  signifying  the  absence  of  a  thing,  as 
"anaemia,"  "anorexia." 

"Ana-,"  which  means  up,  throughout,  or  again,  as  "anasarca," 
which  is  "throughout  tlie  flesli." 

"  Cata-,"  meaning  through  :  "cathartic,"  to  carry  through. 

"  Dia-,"  also  meaning  through,  as  "  diagnosis,"  a  looking 
through. 

" Dys-,"  signifying  bad,  difficult,  or  painful,  as  "dyspnoea,'* 
"  dyspepsia." 


42  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

''  Ec-,"  meaning  out,  or  out  from  :  "  ecbolic,"  a  medicine  which 
casts  out. 

"  En-/'  meaning  in,  or  within  :  "enema,"  an  injection. 

"  Endo-,"  within  :  "  endocardium,"  within  the  cardiac  sac. 

*' Hyper-,"  meaning  over  or  above  :  "  hyperinosis,"  an  over- 
amount  of  fibrine  in  the  blood. 

"  Hyj)0-,"  below,  or  under  :  "  hypodermic,"  under  the  skin. 

"  Hydro-," dropsical  condition  of  apart:  "  hydro-ijeritoneum." 

"  Meta-,"  from  one  place  to  another:  "metastatic"  inflam- 
mation. 

"  Pneumo-,"  air  in  an  unnatural  part :  "  pneumo-thorax." 

"  Para-,"  beside  of,  or  near  :  "  parasite." 

"Peri-,"  around,  or  about  :  "periostitis,"  "pericarditis." 

"Sym-,"  "syn-,"  "syl-,"  "  sy-,"  with,  or  together:  "symp- 
tom," a  falling  together  ;  "  synechia,"  a  holding  together  (an  adhe- 
sion of  the  iris  and  cornea). 

What  is  understood  by  the  term  diagnosis  ? 

This  is  a  branch  of  general  pathology,  and  comes  from  the 
Greek  dia,  meaning  "through,"  and  gignosko,  meaning  "  I  know" 
— I  know  through,  or  a  looking  through,  or  a  thorough  knowledge. 

It  is  the  art  of  discriminating  one  disease  from  another,  or  the 
discovery  of  disease  by  means  of  its  symptoms. 

What  use  is  diagnosis  ? 

We  make  a  diagnosis  in  order  to  enable  us  to  prognose,  and 
also  to  treat  the  various  diseases. 

What  is  understood  by  a  direct  diagnosis  ? 

It  is  a  diagnosis  made  when  the  morbid  condition  is  revealed 
by  a  combination  of  clinical  signs,  or  some  one  or  more  pathognostic 
symptoms. 

What  is  a  differential  diagnosis  ? 

It  is  the  art  of  discovering  the  disease  which  is  present  by  a 
careful  comparison  of  its  symptoms  with  those  of  other  diseases 
which  may  closely  resemble  it. 

What  is  understood  by  a  diagnosis  by  exclusion  ? 

It  is  the  proving  of  the  absence  of  all  diseases  which  might  give 
rise  to  the  symptoms  observed,  except  one.  In  other  words,  it  is  a 
negative  proof. 


INTRODUCTION.  43 

What  is  understood  by  a  prognosis  ? 

This  is  ciuother  division  of  general  pathology,  and  comes  from 
the  Greek  pro,  '*  before/'  and  gignosko,  meaning  "I  know" — "I 
know  beforehand;"  or  it  is  the  art  of  foretelling  the  issue  of  disease. 
It  may  be  general,  as  in  lung  fever,  or  it  may  be  special,  as  in  any 
given  case. 

It  is  the  ability  or  knowledge  to  foretell  the  most  probable  re- 
sult of  the  condition  present,  and  involves  an  amount  of  tact  or 
knowledge  only  acquired  by  prolonged  clinical  experience. 

Define  morbid  anatomy. 

This  is  a  division  of  general  jJntJioIogy,  and  is  the  study  of  the 
changes  in  the  tissues  and  fluids  of  the  body,  appreciable  to  the 
naked  eye  or  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope. 

What  is  treatment  ? 

This  is  the  last  divisio}i  of  general  path ologg,  and  is  the  most 
important  object  in  the  study  of  veterinary  medicine,  from  a  prac- 
tical stand-point;  to  learn  how  to  cure,  relieve,  or  prevent  disease 
is  of  no  minor  importance,  and  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  this 
does  not  consist  only  in  the  giving  of  drugs,  but  requires  strict  and 
faithful  attention  to  the  diet  and  hygiene. 

Treatment  is  the  art  of  preventing,  or  taking  care  of  the  sick 
and  alleviating  their  sufferings,  or  of  aiding  and  hastening  their 
cure. 

What  is  meant  by  prophylactic  treatment  ? 

This  is  where  the  object  is  to  prevent  the  spread  or  develop- 
ment of  disease  ;  it  also  receives  the  name  of  preventative  treatment. 

What  is  understood  by  abortive  treatment? 

This  is  where  the  disease  is  cut  short  and  i^revented  from  run- 
ning  its  regular  course,  or  when  the  disease  is  to  be  broken  up,  al- 
though already  begun. 

What  is  expectant  treatment  ? 

This  is  where  the  disease  is  allowed  to  run  its  regular  course, 
■without  trying  to  remove  it,  but  being  on  guard  for  any  obstacles 
to  its  successful  issue  ;  this  is  seen  in  continued  fevers. 

We  should  try  to  assist  nature ;  do  not  try  to  improve  her. 


44  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  meant  by  restorative  treatment  ? 

This  is  where  the  aim  is  to  build  tip  the  system  aud  supply 
something  wanting  in  the  system,  as  phosphates  in  rickets,  and  iron 
in  ansemia. 

What  is  radical  treatment? 

This  is  where  a  rapid  impression  is  made  upon  the  system  and 
the  course  of  a  disease  is  cut  short. 

Define  palliative  treatment. 

It  is  where  suffering  is  allayed,  or,  where  the  disease  is  incur- 
able, the  symptoms  moderated  and  the  suffering  relieved. 


2.  DISEASE. 
Define  disease. 

Disease  may  be  said  to  be  a  deviation  of  an  organ  from  the 
normal,  either  in  function  or  structure,  or  both. 

How  may  diseases  be  divided  ? 

Into  functional  and  organic  diseases. 

Give  the  definition  of  each. 

A  functional  disease  is  one  in  which  there  is  an  alteration  of 
the  function  of  an  organ,  there  being  no  structural  change. 

An  organic  disease  is  where  there  is  a  change  in  function  due 
to  some  structural  alteration. 

Define  a  contagious  disease. 

It  is  a  disease  due  to  a  specific  cause,  capable  of  being  repro- 
duced in  the  body,  and  of  being  transmitted  from  the  sick  to  the 
well ;  for  example,  glanders,  small-pox. 

What  is  an  infectious  disease  ? 

It  is  one  which  is  due  to  a  disease  germ  introduced  into  the 
economy  from  without,  but  not  capable  of  being  reproduced  in  the 
body,  hence  not  capable  of  being  communicated  from  one  animal 
body  to  another,  as  influenza,  tubercle.  This  is  sometimes  called 
a  iniasmatic  disease. 


INTRODUCTION".  45 

Diseases  are  spoken  of  as  comvuaiicable  and  non-communicable. 
The  communicable  are  divided  into  two  classed — the  specific,  as 
glanders  and  small-pox,  and  the  septic,  as  erysipelas.  Communica- 
ble diseases  are  those  that  have  existed  in  an  animal  body  before. 

The  non-communicable  diseases  are  caused  by  morbific  agents 
which  do  not  come  from  an  animal  body,  but  have  their  origin  in 
a  place  or  thing,  as  malarial  fever,  yellow  fever  in  the  human  sub- 
ject. 

Contagion  spreads  how  ? 

Principally  by  absolute  contact  with  the  poison,  by  inoculation, 
by  food  or  water,  through  excreta,  by  stable  utensils,  etc. 

Define  a  sporadic  disease. 

It  is  one  that  occurs  in  isolated  cases — that  is,  where  a  disease 
of  an  infectious  or  contagious  nature  manifests  itself  in  one  animal. 

What  is  an  enzootic  disease  ? 

This  term  comes  from  the  Greek  en,  "  in,"  and  zoon,  "  an 
animal." 

It  is  where  a  number  of  cases  occur  in  a  limited  locality,  due 
to  the  same  cause. 

Define  an  epizootic  disease. 

It  comes  from  epi,  "  upon,"  and  zoon,  "  an  animal."  It  is  a 
disease  that  is  widely  spread  over  a  community. 

What  terms  in  human  medicine  describe  similar  con- 
ditions ? 

The  terms  endemic  and  epidemic. 

Define  a  panzootic  disease. 

This  is  a  disease  that  is  infectious  or  contagious,  and  spreads 
from  one  country  to  another. 

What  is  a  zymotic  disease  ? 

This  is  a  disease  of  a  contagious  nature,  but  produced  by  the 
action  of  a  ferment. 


46  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


3.  TERMINATION  OF    DISEASE. 

How  do  diseases  terminate  ? 

It  may  occur  in  one  of  three  ways  :  either  by  a  cure,  secondary 
processes,  or  death. 

A  cure  may  take  place  in  what  way  ? 

It  may  take  place  by  a  lysis,  which  is  a  gradual  withdrawal  of 
the  diseased  action — that  is,  a  slow  return  to  health.  Or  by  a  crisis, 
which  is  an  abrupt  ending,  generally  with  a  critical  discharge — that 
is,  it  is  a  sudden  change,  for  better  or  worse.  Or  by  a  metastasis, 
which  is  the  changing  from  one  location  to  another,  or  the  shifting 
of  the  disease. 

What  is  understood  by  the  secondary  processes  ? 

By  this  is  meant  when  the  diseased  action  is  substituted  by 
a  new  morbid  process,  as  rheumatism  followed  by  heart  trouble,  or 
apoplexy  by  cerebral  softening. 

What  is  death  ? 

It  is  a  complete  cessation  of  tissue  change,  or  a  cessation  of  all 
functions,  the  aggregation  of  which  constitutes  life ;  or  a  complete 
cessation  of  the  bodily  functions  and  of  reconstructive  change.  The 
blood  must  be  pure  arterial  blood,  and  must  circulate  to  sustain 
life.     If  it  stops  circulating  death  is  the  result. 

What  are  the  vital  organs  ? 

The  heart  and  blood-vessels,  the  lungs  and  the  nervous  system. 
Each  of  these  must  continue  its  work,  or  life  Avill  stop.  Their 
functions  are  called  "  the  vital  functions  " — circiUation,  respiration, 
and  innervation. 

4.  MODES   OF   DEATH. 

Through  what  channels  may  death  occur  ? 

Beginning  at  the  heart,  the  lungs,  or  the  brain. 

Death  beginning  at  the  heart  takes  place  how  ? 

It  may  take  place  in  one  of  two  ways  :  suddenly  or  by  syncope, 
or  by  a  gradual  cessation.  Death  by  syncope  may  occur  in  one  of 
two  ways:  by  asthenia  and  loss  of  irritability — that  is,  without  the 


INTRODUCTION.  47 

strength  to  contract ;  or  by  tonic  sjjusm,  where  the  organ  remains 
contnicted  till  death.  By  gradual  cessation  of  function,  it  takes 
place  by  ancemia  ;  this  is  seen  after  a  hemorrhage,  where  there  is 
insufficient  quantity  and  quality  of  the  blood. 

How  does  death  occur  by  anaemia  ? 

The  heart  must  have  blood  and  the  power  to  keep  life  in  ex- 
istence ;  in  anaemia  there  is  not  enough  blood,  and  it  is  of  too  poor 
a  quality  to  nourish  the  tissues.  The  heart  may  have  the  power  to 
contract,  but  it  is  empty. 

How  does  asthenia  cause  death  ? 

This  comes  from  rt,  "^without,"  and  stheyios,  ''strength."  It 
may  take  place  suddenly  when  caused  by  lightning,  blows  in  the 
abdomen  (causing  death  by  paralysis  of  ganglia).  The  heart  is  di- 
lated and  filled  with  blood,  but  unable  to  contract.  It  takes  place 
slowly,  as  seen  in  long  lingering  diseases,  where  there  is  loss  of 
nerve  force,  as  in  pleurisy ;  or,  again,  in  animals  that  are  starved  ; 
or,  if  any  part  of  the  alimentary  tract  is  occluded  by  tumors,  con- 
strictions and  the  like. 

Death  beginning  at  the  lungs  occurs  how? 

The  blood  remains  partly  venous  by  some  obstacle  of  the  en- 
trance of  air  to  the  lungs,  and  occurs  when  the  respiratory  muscles 
fail  to  act. 

This  is  improperly  called  asphyxia,  which  is,  literally,  pulse- 
less ;  it  is  more  properly  called  apncea  (suffocation). 

First,  when  sudden,  as  from  suffocation,  or  strangulation,  or 
drowning. 

Second,  when  more  slowly,  as  from  pulmonary  apoplexy,  con- 
gestion, as  when  the  animal  is  driven  to  death,  the  blood  accumu- 
lates in  the  vessels  of  the  lungs.  AsjyJiyxia  means  without  pulse, 
while  apnma  means  without  breath. 

In  what  cases  is  death  due  to  asphyxia  ? 

In  such  cases  as  drowning,  inhaling  poisonous  gases,  as  smoke, 
etc.,  and  also  choking.  In  tetanus,  or  strychnine  poisoning,  the 
chest-walls  become  immovable  ;  again,  injury  to  the  spinal  column 
high  up  in  the  cervical  region  (pithing).  The  entrance  of  air  in 
the  pleural  cavity,  or  a  great  effusion. 


48  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

How  does  death  from  apnoea  occur  ? 

In  acute  lung  diseases  the  air  cannot  pass  down  ;  here  venous 
blood  circulates  in  the  arteries.  In  tympanitic  colic  the  gas  presses 
the  diaphragm  against  the  Inngs  and  shuts  out  the  air. 

Death  beginning  at  the  brain  takes  place  how? 

It  takes  place  by  coma,  which  means  a  deeja  sleep.  In  coma 
the  function  of  the  brain  is  suspended  and  causes  secondary  trouble, 
as  the  want  of  contraction  of  the  chest-walls.  Apoplexy  (hemor- 
rhage in  the  brain),  or  pressure  of  fluids,  causes  death  at  the  heart, 
but  primarily  at  the  brain,  as  seen  in  cerebral  meningitis,  where 
the  products  of  the  inflammation  cause  pressure.  Certain  drugs, 
as  opium,  if  used  imj)roperly,  will  cause  death  in  this  way.  Certain 
waste  products,  as  urea,  accumulating  in  the  blood,  cause  uraemia. 


SECTION  II. 

INFLAMMATION. 

Define  inflammation. 

It  is  a  series  of  clianges  wliicli  take  place  in  the  living  tissue, 
when  injured,  provided  its  vitality  and  structure  have  not  been  de- 
stroyed. 

What  is  the  first  step  to  an  inflammation  ? 

Irritation. 

What  occurs  miscroscopically  in  the  tissues  ? 

1.  Vascular  cJumges  (changes  in  the  vessels  and  circulation). 

2.  Exudative  chanfjes  (exudation  of  the  liquor  sanguinis  and 
emigration  of  the  blood-cells). 

3.  Parenchymatous  changes  (alteration  in  the  nutrition  of  the 
tissues). 

Explain  the  vascular  changes. 

The  first  change  observed  is  a  change  in  the  circulation  ;  there 
is  a  change  of  color  of  the  part,  which  becomes  red  and  congested; 
the  vessels  dilate,  and  more  blood  is  brought  to  the  part.  The 
hypersemia  is  active  at  first — that  is,  there  is  an  increased  amount 
of  blood  in  the  vessels,  and  more  blood  is  brought  to  the  affected 
part  by  the  capillaries.  The  current  soon  becomes  slower,  the  blood- 
vessels contract,  and  finally  the  flow  may  stop  altogether ;  this  is 
called  stasis. 

Which  cells  migrate  ? 

Both  the  red  and  the  white  corpuscles. 

Describe  the  exudation  of  the  liquor  sanguinis  and  the 
emigration  of  the  cells. 

The  liquor  sanguinis  goes  through  the  walls  into  the  surround- 
ing tissues  and  forms  lymph;  it  coagulates,  on  account  of  contain- 
ing fibrin  factors. 

49 


60  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

The  looser  the  meshes,  the  more  effusion  and  the  less  pain.  If 
the  structure  is  tough  and  resisting,  the  pain  becomes  intense.  The 
white  cells  stick  to  sides  of  the  vessels,  the  red  remaining  in  the 
centre  of  the  stream.  The  white  gradually  go  through  the  walls 
of  the  vessels  and  get  outside. 

Where  the  stasis  is  more  marked  the  red  cells  do  the  same. 

What  are  the  parenchymatous  changes  ? 

The  cellular  elements  of  the  tissues  undergo  change  in  form 
and  nutrition.  The  chemical  interchanges  which  constitute  normal 
nutrition,  and  which  are  carried  on  between  the  cells  of  the  tissue 
and  the  liquid  furnished  to  the  cells  by  the  blood,  are  modified  in 
character  or  extent,  and  the  cells  themselves  are  modified  in  form. 
The  white  cells  increase  in  size  and  divide,  and  the  connective-tissue 
cells  do  the  same  ;  some  form  new  cells,  while  others  undergo  fatty 
degeneration. 

What  is  the  aetiology  of  inflammation  ? 

The  causes  may  be  traumatic,  toxic,  parasitic,  infectious,  con- 
stitutional, trophic,  metastatic. 

How  does  traumatism  cause  inflammation? 

Either  mechanically,  in  shape  of  cuts,  pressure,  crushing,  etc. ; 
or  physically — extreme  heat  or  cold,  electricity,  modification  of 
temperature  ;  or  chemically — acids,  alkalies. 

What  are  the  toxic  causes  ? 

These  act  indirectly  from  chemicals  introduced  from  without, 
as  arsenic,  phosphorus,  etc.;  or  are  formed  in  the  body,  as  the 
products  of  putrefactive  changes. 

In  what  way  do  parasites  cause  inflammation  ? 

The  vegetable  parasites  are  mostly  fungi,  and  act  locally  on  the 
skin  and  mucous  membranes,  as  favus,  thrush.  The  animal  parasites 
act  locally  at  their  entrance,  or  in  remote  parts,  from  reproduc- 
tion. 

The  infectious  causes  are  what  ? 

The  diseases  produced  in  this  way  are  caused  by  bacilli  special 
to  that  particular  disease,  as  the  bacilli  of  tuberculosis,  glanders, 
erysipelas,  etc. 


INFLAMMATION.  51 

Explain  the  constitutional  causes,  the  trophic  causes,  the 
metastatic  causes,  and  the  spontaneous  causes. 
The  constitutional  causes  of  iuflammation  are  certain  changes 
in  the  composition  of  the  blood.  The  trophic  causes  are  supposed 
to  take  place  through  the  nervous  system.  The  metastatic  causes 
are  where  a  disease  shifts  from  one  place  to  another,  as  pneumonia 
followed  by  laminitis.  Spontaneous  inflammations  do  not  exist, 
and  the  term  should  not  be  used,  although  when  we  are  unable  to 
attribute  any  cause  we  say  spontaneous,  in  order  to  differentiate. 

What  are  the  clinical  symptoms  of  inflammation  ? 

These  are  called  local  or  cardinal  symptoms,  and  are  redness, 
swelling,  ptain,  and  heat;  to  these  we  add  a  fifth — impaired  function. 

The  redness  is  due  to  what  ? 

It  is  due  to  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  blood  in  the  part. 
The  presence  or  absence  of  redness  is  not  proof  of  the  presence  or 
absence  of  inflammation. 

What  causes  the  swelling  ? 

First,  the  congestion  of  the  vessels  of  the  part,  and,  secondly, 
the  exudation  of  the  liquor  sanguinis. 

How  is  the  pain  produced? 

It  is  caused  by  pressure  on  the  nerves  by  the  inflammatory  exu- 
dation, and  is  called  inflammatory  pain.  Pain  is  not  always  signifi- 
cant of  inflammation,  as  neuralgic  pain  or  the  pain  in  colic. 

What  causes  the  heat? 

The  increase  in  the  amount  of  blood  in  the  part,  causing  in- 
creased chemical  changes. 

The  impairment  of  function  is  how  explained  ? 

This  cannot  always  be  appreciated  directly,  but  is  of  much 
clinical  importance.  In  brain  troubles,  coma  or  delirium;  in  bowel 
trouble,  diarrhoea  ;  in  stomach  trouble,  anorexia. 

Enumerate  some  of  the  general  symptoms  of  inflamma- 
tion. 

The  general  or  constitutional  symptoms  vary  with  the  kind, 
form,  and  seat  of  the  inflammation.  They  are  very  important  and 
are  indicative  of  symptomatic  fever,  showing  the  nature  of  the  dis- 


52  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

ease,  which  may  be  internal.  JVervous  sym2ytoms  may  be  present, 
as  pains  of  various  sorts,  according  to  the  location.  Vascular  symp- 
toms, changes  in  the  pulse,  etc.  Respiratory  symptoms,  as  those 
already  alluded  to.  Digestive  changes  may  be  prominent,  some 
alterations  in  the  secretions  and  excretions,  or  some  interference 
with  the  nutritive  processes. 

What  are  the  forms  of  inflammation  as  regards  their 

situation  ? 

They  are  superficial  when  the  outer  parts  of  an  organ  are  in- 
volved, and  deep  when  the  deeper  portions  are  the  seat. 

The  deeper  inflammations  may  be  parendiymatous  when  the 
tissue  proper  is  involved,  and  interstitial  when  the  connective  tissue 
is  involved. 

What  is  an  exudation? 

It  is  derived  from  ex,  meaning  '^  out,"  and  sudo,  signifying  *'I 
sweat.''  It  is  an  accumulation  of  lymph,  or  serum,  or  plasma,  or 
fibrin,  or  corpuscles  (red  or  white),  or  a  combination  of  any  two  or 
all  of  the  above  named. 

Name  the  varieties  of  exudation. 

Seroics  or fibrino-serous,  fibrinous,  purulent  or fibrino-purulent, 
catarrhal,  croupous,  diphtheritic,  hemorrhagic. 

Describe  serous  or  fibrino-serous  exudation. 

The  exudations  of  inflammations  of  serous  membranes  consist 
of  serum,  fibrin,  or  pus,  in  variable  proportions.  The  first  change 
causing  a  serous  exudation  is  an  increased  amount  of  blood  in  the 
blood-vessels  of  a  part ;  then  a  coagulation  of  fibrin  elements. 

If  the  inflammation  occurs  in  the  pleura  or  peritoneum,  serum 
is' mostly  always  ]d resent,  and,  if  in  great  amount,  it  is  called  a  seroics 
exudation.  If  part  be  serum  and  part  fibrin,  it  is  called  o.  fibrino- 
serous  exudatiofi. 

What  are  a  fibro-purulent  and  a  purulent  exudation  ? 

When  leucocytes  are  present  in  large  numbers,  the  exudation 
is  termed  fibrino-purulent.  The  greater  the  intensity  of  the  inflam- 
mation and  the  more  enfeebled  the  patient,  the  more  likely  is  pus 
to  form.  When  there  is  a  quantity  of  pus  present  it  becomes  apuru- 
lent  exudation.  If  blood  be  present  from  a  rupture  of  capillary 
vessels,  the  exudation  is  termed  a  hemorrhagic  exudation. 


IT^FLAMiTATION.  53 

What  is  a  fibrinous  exudation  ? 

Xew  connective-tissue  cells  are  formed,  the  membrane  becomes 
thickened,  and  elevations  are  present  on  the  surface  of  the  mem- 
brane, causing  adhesions.  This  new  connective  tissue  is  rich  in 
capillary  vessels  at  first.  Soon  the  new  tissue  contracts,  fatty  de- 
generation commences,  and  absorption  takes  place. 

Inflammations  of  mucous  membranes  are  of  what  char- 
acter ? 

Catarrhal,  croupous,  or  diphtheritic. 

Explain  a  catarrhal  mucous  inflammation. 

In  acute  cases  the  mucous  membranes  are  drier  in  the  begin- 
ning and  congested.  Soon  the  glands  secrete,  and  the  mucus  may 
be  thicker  or  thinner  than  normal,  and  has  an  acrid  or  irritating 
quality. 

Do  mucous  exudations  coagulate  ? 

Mucous  exudations  do  not  coagulate,  but  adhere  somewhat 
closely  to  the  surface  of  the  inflamed  membrane  ;  these  changes  are 
accompanied  by  a  shedding  of  the  superficial  epithelial  cells. 

What  takes  place  if  pus-cells  are  formed  ? 

If  the  catarrhal  inflammation  is  of  a  purulent  nature,  the  above 
condition  is  present,  together  with  a  darkening  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane and  the  formation  of  pus-cells.  The  amount  of  pus  will  in- 
dicate the  intensity  and  character  of  the  inflammation. 

What  are   the  changes  in  chronic  catarrhal   inflamma- 
tions ? 

The  blood-vessels  are  either  increased  in  size  and  number,  or 
they  are  less  numerous  and  more  swollen,  giving  the  membrane  a 
grayish  appearance. 

Describe  croupous  inflammations  of  mucous  surfaces. 

The  hypersemia  is  more  intense  than  in  the  catarrhal  inflam- 
mations, the  membrane  becomes  of  a  dark,  livid  color  and  swollen; 
soon  the  free  surface  shows  a  fibrinous  exudation,  which  takes  the 
place  of  the  epitheliinn  and  lies  upon  the  sub-epithelial  structures. 
Enclosed  in  the  meshes  are  ejnthelial  and  pus  cells.  The  exudation 
varies  in  thickness,  and  may  be  in  patches  or  extend  over  a  consid- 
erable surface.  At  first  it  is  firm,  hard,  and  adheres  closely,  but 
soon  it  becomes  softer  and  can  be  easily  detached  from  the  sub- 
jacent membrane. 


54  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  diphtheritic  inflammation  of  mucous  surfaces  ? 

By  some  this  form  is  regarded  as  the  same  as  the  croupous 
variety. 

The  hypertemia  seems  more  intense,  the  infiltration  more  ex- 
tensive, the  fibrinous  exudation  more  abundant  and  granular;  great- 
er changes  take  place  in  the  epithelial  and  tissue  cells,  the  membra- 
nous exudation  cannot  be  removed  without  a  loss  of  substance,  and 
multitudes  of  bacteria,  especially  the  micrococci,  are  found  on  the 
surface  and  in  the  infiltrated  tissues  beneath.  Sometimes  the  press- 
ure is  so  great  as  to  cut  off  the  nutrition,  the  part  dying  and  slough- 
ing away. 

What  is  meant  by  a  parenchymatous  inflammation  ? 

In  this  form  the  cells  proper  of  the  organs — that  is,  the  cells 
which  perform  the  function — are  the  parts  affected. 

In    acute    parenchymatous    inflammations    what    takes 
place  ? 

If  mild,  the  cells  increase  in  size,  are  granular,  opaque,  and 
their  functional  activity  is  increased;  the  blood-vessels  contain  more 
blood,  the  stroma  is  infiltrated  with  serum,  and  the  affected  organ 
is  slightly  increased  in  bulk,  which,  however,  returns  to  the  normal 
if  resolution  takes  place. 

If  the  inflammation  be  intense  in  character  and  prolonged, 
the  cells  are  destroyed,  the  circulation  checked,  the  stroma  is  in- 
filtrated with  serum  and  pus,  the  organ  increased  in  size,  of  a 
purplish  color,  and  the  functional  activity  arrested.  Fatty  change 
takes  place  and  the  cells  disintegrate,  the  walls  of  the  blood-vessels 
become  thicker,  the  calibre  lessened  or  obliterated,  the  stroma 
increased  on  account  of  the  new  tissue  being  formed,  the  function 
becomes  impaired  and  never  returns  to  the  normal,  owing  to  the 
permanent  changes. 

Describe  an  interstitial  inflammation. 

The  connective  tissue  of  the  organ  becomes  affected.  If  acute, 
suppuration  usually  occurs,  which  is  limited  to  small  areas,  or  it 
may  be  diffused.  If  only  a  few  pus-cells  form,  resolution  is  pos- 
sible, while  if  many  pus-cells  are  present  abscesses  develop  which 
have  firm  walls.  If  chronic,  which  is  generally  the  case,  it  ends  in 
induration  and  cirrhosis  by  the  formation  of  new  connective  tissue 
without  the  formation  of  pus.  The  new  tissue  corresponds  in  kind 
to  the  original  stroma  of  the  organ,  and  is  permanent,  the  affected 
organ  never  returning  to  the  normal. 


INFLAMMATION.  56 

What  kinds  of  inflammations  are  there  ? 

Specific  and  non-speciiic. 

Define  specific  inflammations. 

Specific  inflammations  are  those  caused  by  bacteria  that  repro- 
duce the  same  local  inflammation  with  certain  definite  constitu- 
tional s3'mptoms,  and  never  cause  any  other,  as  glanders,  actino- 
mycosis, tuberculosis. 

What  is  a  non-specific  inflammation  ? 

It  is  one  caused  by  bacteria  which  do  not  produce  their  own 
kind,  and  one  can  never  tell  the  form  of  infiammation  that  may 
occur,  as  synovitis,  peritonitis,  cellulitis,  gangrene. 

How  may  inflammations  terminate  ? 

They  may  terminate  in  resolution,  production,  or  destruction. 

What  is  meant  by  resolution  ? 

This  is  where  the  symptoms  of  inflammation  subside  and  a 
favorable  termination  takes  place;  the  parts  are  restored  to  their 
normal  condition.  The  liquid  portion  of  the  exudation  becomes 
absorbed,  the  cellular  elements  undergo  fatty  degeneration  and 
are  also  absorbed. 

Explain  the  meaning  of  production. 

When  inflammations  end  in  production,  there  is  the  formation 
of  new  connective  tissue,  which  in  many  instances  becomes  a  per- 
manent part  of  the  body.  This  new  tissue  may  fill  up  a  gap  where 
there  has  been  a  loss  of  tissue,  and  is  called  a  scar.  When  opposed 
surfaces  are  united  by  the  new-formed  tissue,  the  term  adhesion 
is  used. 

How  may  inflammations  end  in  destruction  ? 

Ulceration,  suppuration,  or  mortification  may  take  place.  This 
occurs  when  the  nutrition  of  the  inflamed  tissue  is  so  diminished 
as  to  be  insufficient  for  its  preservation.  The  more  complete  the 
stagnation  in  the  blood-vessels,  the  more  likely  the  part  is  to  die. 

What  is  ulceration  ? 

This  may  be  said  to  be  molecular  death.  It  is  one  of  the  ter- 
minations of  inflammation  and  is  a  solution  of  continuity  without 
a  tendency  to  heal  or  the  formation  of  pus  on  a  free  surface.  There 
is  a  destructive  inflammation,  with  a  loss  of  substance,  on  the  skin 


56  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

or  mucous  membranes,  and  tlie  spot  remaining  after  a  loss  of  sub- 
stance is  called  an  ulcer. 

Explain  the  termination  of  inflammation  by  suppuration. 

There  is  the  formation  of  pus,  and  caused  largely  by  micro- 
organisms. The  pus  formations  may  be  local  (in  one  large  abscess), 
or  they  may  be  diffused  (distributed  in  smaller  points). 

What  is  gangrene  or  mortification  ? 

This  is  the  death  of  a  part  due  to  a  stoppage  of  the  nutrition, 
and  the  part  dies.  The  part  thrown  off  is  called  a  slough.  If  the 
tissue  be  soft  the  dead  portion  is  called  a  sphacelus;  if  of  hard 
tissue,  as  bone,  it  is  called  necrosis,  while  gangrene  of  the  blood 
is  called  necrcemia. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  of  inflammations  ? 

First,  try  to  ascertain  the  cause  and  remove  it.  If  due  to 
chemicals,  give  their  antidotes;  if  due  to  a  new  growth,  destroy 
it;  if  a  mechanical  body,  remove  it;  if  an  irritant  to  the  stomach 
or  bowels,  give  emetics  or  purges.  When  the  cause  cannot  be 
found,  treat  the  symptoms  as  they  arise,  which  is  usually  the  mode 
of  treatment  for  most  internal  inflammations.  In  olden  times 
bleeding  was  extensively  resorted  to,  but  has  now  been  almost  en- 
tirely abandoned,  except,  possibly,  in  young  plethoric  animals.  In 
large  cities  the  animals  usually  require  all  the  blood  they  have  to 
withstand  the  disease. 

Aconite  or  veratrum  viride  have  important  actions,  in  the  first 
stages  of  acute  inflammations,  on  the  heart,  which  is  excitable, 
beats  strongly  and  rapidly;  again,  the  vessels  of  the  inflamed  part 
are  dilated  at  first,  causing  a  congestion,  which  should  be  overcome 
before  stasis  takes  place. 

After  the  first  stages,  the  treatment  should  be  almost  the  op- 
posite; instead  of  sedatives,  stimulants  should  be  given  to  increase 
the  blood-current  to  try  to  overcome  the  obstruction;  nitro-glycerin 
is  here  an  important  drug,  and  it  may  be  combined  with  strophan- 
thus  and  digitalis. 

Other  drugs  commonly  used  are  ammonium  carbonate,  alcohol, 
belladonna,  quinine,  opium,  potassium  iodide,  potassium  nitrate, 
colchicum,  nux  vomica. 

What  is  the  local  treatment  of  inflammation  ? 

Hot  fomentations,  in  the  shape  of  hot  water,  hot  poultices, 
especially  if  suppuration  is  present  and  we  desire  to  hasten  it.    The 


INFLAMMATION".  67 

application  of  cold  in  other  cases,  ice-bags,  ice-water,  to  retard  sup- 
puration. Counter-irritation,  in  the  shape  of  mustard,  blisters, 
liniments,  etc.  The  use  of  disinfectants,  both  internally  and  ex- 
ternalh^,  should  not  be  forgotten.  Eegulate  the  diet  and  the  hy- 
gienic surroundings. 

What  is  meant  by  atrophy  ? 

It  is  a  diminution  in  the  amount  of  a  tissue,  either  in  size  or 
number  of  its  histological  elements,  accompanied  by  loss  of  weight 
and  impairment  of  function.  Atrophy  may  be  simple  and  numer- 
ical; also  general  and  partial. 

What  is  understood  by  degeneration  ? 

It  is  an  alteration  in  the  quality  of  a  tissue,  with  impairment 
of  function.  Degeneration  may  be  divided  into  two  classes:  //i- 
fiUration  and  metamorphosis. 

Define  each. 

Infiltration  is  where  foreign  matter  from  without  is  deposited 
inside  the  cells,  the  cells  not  being  destroyed  nor  their  function 
interfered  with. 

Metamorphosis  is  where  the  cell  is  changed  into  some  other 
substance.    There  is  destruction  and  softening  of  the  cell. 


SECTION  III. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  DISEASES. 

How  are  diseases  classified  ? 

They  are  classified  into  General  Diseases  and  Local  Dis- 
eases. 

How  are  general  diseases  subdivided  ? 

They  are  subdivided  into  I.  Fever;  II.  Blood  Diseases; 
III.  Infectious  Diseases  ;   IV.  Constitutional  Diseases. 

What  are  included  under  the  head  of  local  diseases  ? 

Tlie  diseases  of  the  various  organs  or  systems  wliich  are  not 
included  under  the  head  of  general  diseases. 

GENERAL  DISEASES. 

FEVER. 
Define  fever. 

Fever  may  be  defined  to  be  an  altered  condition  of  the  body 
heat,  or  a  combination  of  disturbances  in  the  physiological  pro- 
cesses of  the  body,  whose  most  frequent  and  outward  sign  is  the 
rise  in  temperature. 

How  is  the  heat  of  the  body  maintained  ? 

First,  Heat  must  be  produced  or  introduced  into  the  body; 
secondly,  it  must  be  discharged  from  the  system;  and,  thirdly,  a 
balancing  process  is  required  to  regulate  the  same,  which  is  the 
nervous  system. 

How  are  fevers  characterized  ? 

1.  By  the  temperature  leing  elevated. 

2.  By  an  increase  in  the  circulation. 

3.  By  a  change  in  the  secretions  of  the  body. 

4.  By  a  wasting  of  the  tissues  of  the  body. 

What  kinds  of  fevers  are  there  ? 

There  may  be  said  to  be  two  kinds — essential  fever  and  symp- 
tomatic fever. 

58 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  59 

Define  each. 

iissenlial  fever  (sometimes  called  idiopathic  fever)  is  one  in 
which  no  local  affection  causes  the  symptoms  of  fever,  although 
lesions  may  arise  during  its  progress. 

Symptomatic  fever  (organic  or  secondary  fever)  is  one  depend- 
ent on  an  acute  inflammation. 

How  many  stages  may  fever  be  divided  into  for  study  ? 

Into  three  stages: 

1.  Initial,  pyrogenetic,  or  stage  of  attacl'. 

2.  Fastigium,  acme,  or  stage  of  development. 

3.  Defervescence,  or  stage  of  decline. 

What  takes  place  during  the  first  stage  of  fever  ? 

A  chill  or  rigor  usually  precedes,  which  lasts  one  or  two  hours 
or  may  he  very  short;  the  hair  on  the  body  stands  erect,  is  dry, 
and  is  designated  a  staring  coat.  Muscular  tremblings  are  present, 
the  legs  and  ears  are  cold  to  the  feel,  the  surface  of  the  body  being 
of  an  uneven  temperature;  there  is  dulness  and  depression  of  the 
animal,  the  head  down,  and  little  or  no  notice  is  taken  of  the  sur- 
roundings. Muscular  pain  is  present,  shown  by  the  animal  resting 
a  limb  and  showing  no  desire  to  move. 

The  pulse  is  small,  quick,  and  hard,  giving  the  impression  of 
a  cord  or  quill. 

The  respirations  are  short  and  quick,  otherwise  not  altered  in 
character. 

The  temperature  is  elevated  to  102°,  103°,  lO-i*^  F.,  even  when 
the  surface  of  the  body  is  cool. 

The  visible  mucous  membranes  are  pale  or  bluish  in  color,  and 
feel  colder  than  natural.  The  secretions  are  diminished,  as  well 
as  the  excretions.    The  appetite  is  impaired. 

Describe  the  second  stage  of  fever. 

This  is  called  the  hot  stage,  or  stage  of  development.  The 
muscular  contractions  relax,  the  blood  fills  up  the  cutaneous  ves- 
sels, the  hair  falls,  is  smoother,  glossy,  and  may  be  moist  after  a 
time,  with  perspiration,  which  generally  takes  place  at  the  onset 
in  patches,  and  the  surface  of  the  body  is  warmer  to  the  feel,  the 
temperature  being  increased. 

The  pulse  changes;  it  becomes  softer  and  fuller,  but  still  re- 
mains rapid. 


60  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICHSTE. 

The  respirations  are  freer,  but  still  accelerated;  the  mucous 
membranes  are  heightened  in  color,  the  animal  loses  the  dulness, 
pricks  up  its  ears,  looks  around,  and  takes  more  notice. 

There  is  an  absence  of  secretions  and  excretions,  very  little 
if  any  urine  and  faeces  being  voided,  and  if  so  in  small  quantity 
and  high-colored.  Changes  in  the  tissues  take  place  from  the  con- 
ditions present,  and  emaciation  begins. 

Thirst  is  prominent,  appetite  still  more  or  less  impaired,  the 
temperature  remains  high  for  two  or  three  days  or  more,  until  defer- 
vescence takes  place. 

What  occurs  in  the  third  stage  of  fever? 

When  the  fever  is  at  its  height,  the  temperature  begins  to  fall 
and  the  symptoms  of  fever  to  subside.  "When  the  fever  is  high 
the  organs  cannot  perform  their  functions  thoroughly,  but  as  soon 
as  it  falls  the  organs  begin  to  act. 

Fever  may  end  suddenly  or  slowly — that  is,  there  may  be  a 
sudden  dropping  of  the  temperature  or  a  gradual  reduction  to  the 
normal. 

Name  the  forms  of  fever. 

Four  forms  of  fever  have  been  recognized,  namely:  Simple, 
inflammatory,  nervous,  hectic. 

Simple  fever  is  what? 

This  is  a  slight  form  of  fever,  with  no  local  complications. 
Often  seen  in  young  and  vigorous  animals. 

Define  inflammatory  fever. 

This  is  also  called  synocha,  and  is  associated  with  some  inflam- 
matory conditions.  The  chill  is  very  severe,  the  temperature  high, 
great  depression  and  prostration  are  present. 

Explain  nervous  fever. 

This  is  termed  typhoid  fever,  but  it  is  a  question  whether  ty- 
phoid fever  really  exists  in  the  horse.  The  temperature  is  irregu- 
lar, pulse  weak  and  quick,  the  visible  mucous  membranes  are  dry 
and  covered  with  a  gluey  secretion,  extremities  cold,  diarrhoea,  and 
signs  of  collapse. 

What  is  understood  by  hectic  fever? 

This  is  called  marasmatic  fever,  or  fever  of  emaciation. 
This  is  a  form  of  fever  associated  with  chronic  affections  where 
wounds  exist,  and  is  characterized  by  progressive  emaciation. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  DISEASES.  61 

As  regards  the  progress,  how  are  fevers  divided? 

Into  continued,  periodical,  and  eruptive. 

Define  a  continued  fever. 

A  continued  fever  is  one  characterized  by  the  temperature  being 
more  or  less  elevated  throughout  the  disease. 

What  is  understood  by  a  periodical  fever? 

This  is  a  fever  characterized  by  the  distinct  periodicity  of  the 
symptoms,  having  intervals  when  the  patient  is  wholly  or  com- 
pletely free  from  fever. 

What  is  a  remittent  fever? 

This  is  a  paroxysmal  fever,  characterized  by  exacerbations, 
the  patient  having  more  or  less  fever  throughout  the  disease. 

The  febrile  phenomena  are  truly  continuous,  but  they  increase 
from  time  to  time  and  diminish  at  others. 

Define  an  intermittent  fever. 

In  this  form  the  fever  totally  disappears  during  a  certain  time, 
to  reappear  again  after  a  determined  lapse  of  time.  This  is  called 
fever  and  ague,  or  chills  and  fever,  in  the  human  subject,  and  is 
caused  by  the  bacillus  malaria. 

Intermittent  fever  may  assume  what  types  ? 

When  the  fever  occurs  daily  and  the  apyrexia  lasts  twenty-four 
hours,  it  is  called  quotidian.  When  the  fever  occurs  every  third 
day,  the  apyrexia  lasting  forty-eight  hours,  it  is  called  tertian. 
When  the  apyrexia  lasts  seventy-two  hours,  the  attacks  taking  place 
every  first  and  fourth  day,  it  is  called  quartan. 

Enumerate  some  of  the  causes  of  fever. 

Excitement,  sudden  atmospheric  changes,  infection,  conges- 
tion of  an  organ,  changes  in  the  composition  of  the  blood,  hemor- 
rhages, inflammation,  gangrene,  suppuration. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment  of  fever. 

1st.  Reduce  the  sijmptoms  of  fever,  as  excitement,  respiratory 
disturbance,  and  elevated  temperature,  especially  if  excessive. 
2d.  Assist  the  system  to  establish  a  reaction. 
3d.  Comlat  unexpected  symptoms. 
The  indications,  then,  for  treatment  are:   Reduce  the  tempera- 


62  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE, 

ture,  regulate  the  circulation,  keep  up  secretions,  and  give  easily 
digested  food. 

During  the  chill,  warm  blankets,  legs  hand-rubbed  and  ban- 
daged, a  light,  clean,  well-ventilated  stall,  but  of  moderate  tem- 
perature. 

If  the  pulse  is  strong  and  full  at  the  onset,  aconite  or  veratrum 
viride  may  be  used;  in  other  cases  stimulants  may  be  indicated, 
such  as  ammonium  carbonate,  alcohol. 

//  the  temperature  be  very  high,  quinine,  antifebrin,  antipyrin, 
acetanilid,  salines,  as  potassium  nitrate  in  drinking-water  or  food. 

Laxatives,  or  even  purges,  may  be  indicated. 

Careful  attention  to  the  food  is  important.  Bran  mashes, 
grass,  carrots,  apples,  steamed  oats,  and  small  quantities  of  hay. 
Coax  the  animal  to  eat,  if  only  a  small  quantity. 


2.     DISEASES  OR  CHANGES   IN   THE   BLOOD. 

ANEMIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Spansemia,  hydrsemia,  oligocythaemia. 
Oligcemia  is  a  lessening  in  the  amount  of  blood. 
Ischmmia  is  a  localized  anaemia. 

Define  anaemia. 

It  is  a  condition  where  there  is  a  diminution  in  the  number 
of  red  blood-corpuscles  and  albumin. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

May  occur  in  very  young  or  very  old  animals;  nervous,  irri- 
table horses,  as  well  as  pregnancy,  all  act  as  predisposing  causes. 

Insufficient  quantity  and  quality  of  food,  bad  hygienic  sur- 
roundings, overwork,  lack  of  exercise,  drains  on  the  system  from 
acute  or  chronic  diseases. 

Poisons  in  the  blood,  suppurations,  repeated  purgings  or  bleed- 
ings, excessive  weather,  either  hot  or  cold,  are  also  among  the 
causes. 

What  are  the  post-mortem  appearances  ? 

The  tissues  are  pale,  thin,  shrunken,  and  bloodless.  If  the 
disease  is  of  long  standing,  fatty  changes  can  be  noticed  in  the 
various  tissues.     The  blood  is  thinner  and  coagulates  imperfectly. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  63 

from  the  diminution  of  the  fibrin  elements;  the  blood  is  brighter 
in  color,  on  account  of  the  lessened  number  of  red  blood-cells  and 
the  amount  of  ha?moglobin. 

Give  the  symptoms  of  anaemia. 

There  is  pallor  of  the  mucous  membranes;  the  Schneiderian, 
the  conjunctiva,  and  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  mouth  are  pallid 
or  often  bluish.  At  times  there  is  catarrh  of  these  membranes. 
There  are  less  oxygen  carriers,  and  thus  the  temperature  of  the 
body  is  lowered;  the  extremities  are  cold  to  the  feel,  a  cold  sweat 
being  often  present. 

There  is  muscular  weakness,  a  small,  frequent,  feeble,  and 
compressible  pulse;  there  is  a  soft  systolic  murmur  over  the  heart, 
difficult  to  detect  in  our  animals;  the  heart-sounds  are  muffled, 
and  there  is  a  venous  hum  in  the  Jugular. 

The  respirations  are  accelerated,  especially  on  the  least  exer- 
tion, the  animal  being  very  easily  fatigued.  The  appetite  becomes 
impaired,  as  does  digestion.  CEdematous  swellings  are  often  seen 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  abdomen  and  along  the  sheath.  The 
skin  becomes  harsh  and  dry. 

How  is  anaemia  diagnosed  ? 

The  diagnosis  can  be  readily  made  by  the  symptoms. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  determined  by  the  conditions  present;  favorable  if  seen 
early  and  the  horse  is  not  too  old  and  run  down,  and  the  ansemia 
is  not  due  to  organic  changes,  the  result  of  malnutrition. 

Outline  the  treatment  of  anaemia. 

Eemove  the  cause,  if  possible.  Give  laxatives  or  purgatives, 
according  to  the  indications,  and  follow  these  by  the  use  of  stom- 
achic tonics  to  aid  digestion.  For  the  anaemia,  give  iron,  with 
quinine  and  ginger;  other  drugs  indicated  are  strychnine,  arsenic, 
phosphorus,  gentian,  mineral  acids. 

Build  up  the  system  by  the  proper  quantity  and  quality  of 
food.  Stimulants  are  often  indicated.  Good  hygienic  conditions, 
such  as  pure  air  and  sunlight,  are  very  essential.  ^loderate  exercise, 
short  of  fatigue;  turning  out  to  grass  in  most  cases. 


64  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


POLYCYTHEMIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Plethora,  polyemia,  polysemia. 

Define  polycythaemia. 

This  is  a  condition  with  an  increase  in  the  number  of  red  blood-, 
globules  and  albumin. 

What  are  the  symptoms  and  diagnosis  ? 

There  is  danger  of  congestion  of  various  organs.  Hemor- 
rhages may  be  present;  the  veins  are  prominent  and  full  of  blood. 
The  pulse  is  quick,  strong,  and  full,  the  heart-beat  is  more  distinct, 
the  temperature  rises  a  little,  the  surface  of  the  body  feels  warm, 
the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose  and  eyes  become  reddened. 

The  diagnosis  is  easy,  plethora  not  being  a  disease  itself,  but 
leads  to  disease. 

What  are  the  post-mortem  appearances? 

The  tissues  are  of  a  deep  red  color  on  account  of  the  blood- 
vessels being  engorged.    Capillary  hemorrhages  may  be  present. 

What  are  the  causes  of  plethora  ? 

It  occurs  mostly  in  young,  vigorous  animals,  before  they  get 
their  growth,  especially  when  they  are  fed  on  highly  nutritious 
food  in  large  quantities  and  not  enough  exercise  in  proportion. 

What  treatment  is  recommended? 

Reduce  the  system,  principally  by  dieting,  giving  a  less  amount 
of  food  of  a  bland  nature,  and  advise  exercise. 

General  bloodletting  is  recommended  in  some  cases,  although 
purging  acts  about  as  well  and  is  more  commonly  used.  An  aloetic 
pill,  linseed  oil,  or  some  of  the  salines. 

LEUCOCYTHJ^MIA. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Leukaemia,  or  leucaemia. 

Define  leucocythaemia. 

It  is  a  general  disease,  rather  chronic  in  its  course,  character- 
ized by  an  increase  of  the  white  cells,  with  an  enlargement  of  the 
spleen,  lymphatics,  and  marrow  of  the  bone. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  65 

Give  the  causation. 

This  disease  was  first  described  l)y  Bennet,  and  then  by  Vir- 
chow,  in  1845;  it  occurs  in  the  horse,  dog,  ox,  pig,  and  cat. 

The  real  cause  and  nature  of  the  disease  are  not  very  well  un- 
derstood, although  it  is  probably  of  specific  origin. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

There  is  an  increase  in  the  number  of  white  corpuscles,  aver- 
aging about  one  white  to  fifty,  twenty,  or  fifteen  of  the  red  blood- 
cells,  whereas,  normally,  the  proportion  is  about  one  to  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  or  five  hundred. 

The  blood  is  very  pale  and  watery,  and  hardly  stains  the  hands. 
It  coagulates  very  slowly,  having  three  layers — the  huffy  coat,  then 
the  pus-Ul'e  layer,  and  the  crassementum — whereas,  normally,  the 
blood,  after  coagulating,  is  all  one  color;  when  three  layers  are 
present,  it  is  said  to  be  pathognomonic  of  this  affection. 

If  the  heart  be  examined,  it  will  be  found  filled  with  clots  which 
are  soft  and  greasy-like.  The  spleen  is  enlarged,  weighing  as  much 
as  ten  to  fourteen  pounds,  whereas,  normally,  it  weighs  from  one 
and  one-half  to  one  and  three-quarter  pounds.  Peyer's  patches, 
the  lymphatics,  or  the  marrow  of  the  bone  may  be  involved  in  this 
disease.  If  one  of  these  enlarged  glands  be  cut  through,  the  sec- 
tion is  soft  and  smooth,  and  the  cut  surface  presents  a  dirty  white 
color,  which,  if  scraped  with  a  knife,  a  pus-like  fluid  is  obtained, 
found  to  contain  mostly  leucocytes  when  looked  at  under  the  mi- 
croscope. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

Early,  the  symptoms  resemble  those  of  simple  anasmia.  The 
symptoms  usually  show  themselves  slowly,  and  the  first  thing  no- 
ticed is  the  loss  of  strength  and  energ)^;  the  horse  seems  to  become 
lazy,  while  formerly  it  was  high-lifed  and  vigorous,  it  now  becomes 
fatigued  on  the  least  exertion,  puffs,  and  breaks  out  in  a  sweat. 
There  is  thirst,  capricious  appetite,  feeble  and  accelerated  pulse, 
the  temperature  varies  from  101°  to  104°  F.;  constipation  early, 
followed  by  diarrhoea. 

As  the  disease  progresses,  the  animal  gets  weaker  and  weaker, 
knuckles  over,  has  signs  of  vertigo,  roaring  due  to  the  enlarged 
glands,  in  which  case  the  horse  stands  with  the  legs  separated  and 
head  extended  in  order  to  get  air. 

Death  is  due  to  asthenia  and  is  preceded  by  delirium  and  coma. 


66  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  history  and  symptoms;  also  by  the  examination  per 
rectum,  which  reveals  enlarged  lymphatics  in  the  abdominal  cav- 
ity near  the  kidneys;  also  by  the  examination  of  the  blood  under 
the  microscope. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  very  rarely  diagnosed  before  death,  and  the  prognosis  is 
very  unfavorable. 

What  treatment  may  be  employed  ? 

The  various  drugs  used  seem  to  be  of  no  avail,  as  the  animals 
become  weaker  and  weaker,  and  finally  succumb. 

The  treatment  is  symptomatic;  iron  may  be  given;  also  ar- 
senic, quinine,  ergot,  cod-liver  oil,  oil  of  eucalyptus,  iodide  of  po- 
tassium.   Inhalations  of  oxygen  have  been  recommended. 

Good  food,  as  well  as  good  hygienic  conditions,  are  of  the 
utmost  importance. 

HYPEEINOSIS. 

Name  the  synonym. 

Hyperplasma. 

What  is  hyperinosis  ? 

It  is  a  condition  where  there  is  an  increase  of  the  fibrin  in  the 
blood. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

It  is  a  condition  present  in  all  inflammatory  processes,  and  in 
some  debilitating  diseases. 

Normally,  the  average  amount  of  fibrin  in  the  blood  is  two  to 
four  parts  per  thousand,  while  in  this  condition  about  fifteen  parts 
are  present.  In  inflammations  of  various  organs,  the  fibrin  elements 
are  apt  to  form  heart-clots. 

What  can  be  used  in  these  cases  ? 

Heart-clots  can  be  prevented  usually  by  the  use  of  diffusible 
stimulants,  such  as  ammonium  muriate  and  carbonate,  potassium 
carbonate,  sulphate  or  nitrate,  or  sodium  sulphate  or  carbonate. 

Good  food  to  help  build  up  the  system.  Iron  and  mineral  acids 
may  be  used. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  DISEASES.  67 

HYPINOSIS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Hypoplasma. 

Define  hypinosis. 

It  is  a  condition  of  the  blood  in  which  the  fibrin  is  diminished. 

In  what  diseases  or  conditions  does  it  exist? 

It  is  present  in  purpura  ha?raorrliagica,  in  anaemia,  in  pro- 
longed suppurations,  in  animals  overworked,  with  improper  food. 
There  is  a  defective  coagulating  power  of  the  blood,  which  is  not 
perfectly  arterialized. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Build  up  the  system  by  giving  good  food,  moderate  exercise, 
fresh  air.     Tonics,  stimulants,  etc.,  are  also  beneficial. 

3.       INFECTIOUS   AND   EPIZOOTIC   DISEASES. 
INFLUENZA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Catarrhus  epizooticus  (epizootic  catarrh),  febris  catarrhalis 
(catarrhal  fever),  pink-eye,  horse  ail,  horse  disease,  typhoid  fever, 
la  grippe. 

Define  influenza. 

It  is  a  specific  febrile  disease,  assuming  various  forms,  character- 
ized by  a  catarrh  of  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  respiratory  tract, 
and  in  some  instances  of  the  digestive  tract,  and  associated  with 
marked  debility  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  intensity  of  the  fever 
and  the  catarrhal  symptoms. 

The  name  influenza  was  given  by  the  Italians,  who  believed 
the  disease  to  be  due  to  some  influence  of  the  stars. 

What  are  the. forms? 

Simple,  thoracic,  abdominal,  rheumatic.  The  organs  of  vision, 
of  respiration,  of  circulation,  of  digestion,  of  innervation,  as  well 
as  the  subcutaneous  tissues,  may  be  involved. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

It  is  and  has  been  one  of  the  hidden  mysteries;  some  claim 
it  is  due  to  a  miasm,  others  say  a  peculiar  condition  of  the  atmos- 


68  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

phere  (too  much  ozone);  others  say  germs,  which  affect  the  mucous 
membranes  by  entering  with  the  inspired  air.  Whatever  it  may  be, 
it  travels  in  the  air  and  seems  to  attack  the  animal  suddenly. 

The  horse,  donkey,  mule,  dog,  as  well  as  man,  may  become 
affected. 

Give  the  pathology  of  influenza. 

Lesions  peculiar  to  this  affection  are  as  yet  unknown,  and  will 
be  until  we  have  a  better  knowledge  of  the  disease. 

What  are  the  clinical  features  of  this  disease  ? 

The  fever,  the  catarrh,  and  the  symptoms  referable  to  the 
nervous  system.  These  conditions  are  independent  of  influenza, 
and  are  each  due  to  the  infecting  principle.  One  of  these  may  be 
more  severe  than  the  others;  the  fever  is  not  the  result  of  the 
catarrhal  inflammation,  nor  are  the  symptoms  of  the  nervous  sys- 
tem the  result  of  the  other  two. 

The  gastric  mucous  membrane  may  be  congested,  and  in  some 
cases  that  of  the  intestines;  there  is  usually  more  or  less  extensive 
inflammation  of  the  respiratory  organs. 

The  bronchial  glands  are  enlarged  and  softened;  the  right  side 
of  the  heart  contains  pale  but  firm  clots,  the  bronchial  mucous 
membrane  is  reddened  and  oedematous.  Hemorrhage  into  the  eyes, 
lungs,  and  brain  may  take  place. 

What  is  the  period  of  incubation  ? 

It  varies  from  about  twenty-four  Jiours  to  six  or  seven  days. 

Give  some  of  the  most  important  symptoms. 

On  account  of  influenza  assuming  numerous  forms,  the  symp- 
toms will  vary  accordingly.  This  disease  is  remarl-ahle  for  the  vari- 
ety of  symptoms. 

Simple  or  catarrhal  influenza,  the  most  common  form,  comes 
on  suddenly,  in  some  cases  preceded  by  a  chill;  there  is  loss  of 
appetite,  a  cough,  a  congestion  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
nose  and  eyes,  which  is  swollen,  reddened,  and  dry  at  the  onset, 
causing  sneezing  or  snorting,  soon  to  become  moist  from  the  secre- 
tion, at  first  thin  and  watery,  later  becoming  thicker  and  pus-like. 
From  this  redness  and  tumefaction  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  eye 
the  disease  has  been  called  pink-eye.  The  eyes  are  half-closed, 
the  pupils  contracted,  photophobia,  the  sclerotic  coat  often  yellow 
in  color,  extremities  swollen,  pitting  on  pressure,  and  are  more  or 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  69 

less  painful,  shown  by  the  raising  of  the  leg,  especially  if  pressure 
be  made  with  the  fingers. 

There  is  marled  debility  and  prostration,  shown  by  the  stagger- 
ing and  cross-legged  gait  of  the  animal.  In  standing  in  the  stall, 
the  head  is  lowered  (hangs  his  head),  there  is  a  depressed  appear- 
ance, takes  little  if  any  notice,  apparent  headache,  pulse  quick- 
ened and  soft,  temperature  elevated— 104°,  105°,  106°  F.— and 
remains  high  for  five,  six,  or  seven  days  and  then  lowers;  the  res- 
pirations are  more  or  less  accelerated. 

At  other  times  the  gastric  and  intestinal  form  is  present;  there 
is  congestion  of  the  liver,  shown  by  the  yellowish  or  reddish  color 
of  the  visible  mucous  membranes;  also  a  sour  odor  to  the  breath, 
constipation,  followed  by  diarrhoea,  in  some  cases  caused  by  catarrh 
of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestines,  colicky  pains  are 
sometimes  present. 

At  other  times  the  nervous  system  becomes  affected,  spinal 
trouble  arises,  there  being  loss  of  power  of  the  hind  extremities, 
sometimes  ending  in  complete  paralysis. 

What  complications  may  arise? 

Laryngitis  is  probably  the  most  common. 
Pneumonia,  which  usually  assumes  a  low  form,  ending  in 
gangrene. 

Pleurisy,  with  effusion,  which  usually  ends  fatally. 
Purpura  Jicemorrhagica  is  quite  a  common  complication. 

How  may  influenza  be  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  great  prostration,  the  irreg- 
ularity of  the  temperature,  by  the  gait,  the  condition  of  the  eyes. 

At  the  onset  it  may  be  difficult  to  make  a  diagnosis  in  some 
cases,  but  soon  the  symptoms  make  the  diagnosis  easy. 

What  is  the  prognosis  and  the  duration? 

Simple  uncomplicated  cases  recover  in  from  seven  to  ten  days 
or  two  weeks.  When  complicated,  the  prognosis  becomes  grave 
and  varies  according  to  the  severity  of  the  symptoms  and  the  con- 
stitution of  the  animal.  These  cases  may  last  two  or  three  weeks 
or  longer. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Expectant  and  supporting  treatments  are  used. 


70  PRACTICE  OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

The  old  line  of  treatment,  bleeding  and  mercurials,  are  not  to 
be  used.  Purgatives  are  -usually  contra-indicated.  Laxatives  may 
be  used  when  required. 

Stimulation  is  important;  chloroform,  ammonium  carbonate, 
liquor  ammonium  acetatis,  and  the  like  are  drugs  indicated;  alco- 
hol or  whiskey  in  drinking-water. 

When  the  fever  is  high,  quinine,  antipyrin,  antifebrin,  acetan- 
ilid  are  usually  of  service. 

Potassium  nitrate  and  colchicum  are  indicated  where  the  legs 
are  swollen;  these  may  be  given  in  the  feed. 

For  weak  heart,  digitalis,  camphor,  belladonna,  hyoscyamus, 
spirits  of  turpentine,  iron.  Treat  the  complications  according  to 
indications. 

The  local  treatment  consists  of  hand-rubbing  to  the  legs, 
anod}Tie  liniments,  the  application  of  mustard  possibly,  bathing 
the  eyes  with  salt  solution,  warmth  to  body. 

RHINO-ADENITIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Adenitis  equorum,  strangles,  colt  distemper. 

Name  the  forms. 

There  are  two  forms,  viz.,  the  regular,  or  henign  form,  and  the 
irregular,  or  bastard  strangles. 

Define  colt  distemper. 

It  is  an  acute,  specific,  febrile  disease,  probably  contagious,  and 
characterized  by  the  formation  of  abscesses  in  the  intermaxillary 
space  and  in  other  parts  of  the  body. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

This  disease  seems  to  be  confined  more  or  less  to  the  equine 
race,  and,  as  a  rule,  one  attack  gives  immunity.  It  usually  occurs 
in  young  animals,  it  being  a  disease  of  colthood  or  acclimatization. 

It  is  now  placed  among  the  germ  diseases,  although  the  exact 
nature  of  the  germ  is  not  well  understood. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  the  benign  form  ? 

The  period  of  incubation  varies  from  four  to  eight  days. 

There  are  certain  premonitory  symptoms,  such  as  the  ill  condi- 
tion of  the  animal,  being  dull,  not  feeding  well,  and  the  coat  looks 
rough. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  71 

At  first  a  nasal  catarrh  may  present  itself,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane is  swollen,  and  a  muco-purulent  or  purulent  discharge  takes 
place. 

In  a  day  or  so  the  glands  of  the  intermaxillary  space  enlarge; 
the  subcutaneous  tissue  is  often  involved,  and  frequently  fills  up 
the  entire  intermaxillary  space.  The  swelling  is  hot  and  painful 
at  first,  and  there  is  a  tendency  to  pus-formation;  the  most  pro- 
jecting point  softens,  the  hair  falls  otf,  the  skin  breaks  or  is  opened 
by  the  veterinary  surgeon,  and  pus  escapes.  After  a  few  days  the 
cavity  remaining  begins  to  heal  by  granulation  and  soon  disappears. 
The  above  is  about  the  usual  course  of  this  form  of  strangles,  as 
far  as  the  local  symptoms  are  concerned. 

Some  of  the  general  symptoms  are,  an  elevation  of  temperature 
(103°  to  105°  r.),  an  increased  pulse,  more  or  less  impairment  of 
the  appetite,  especially  if  laryngitis  or  pharyngitis  be  present. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  age;  usually  a  disease  of  colthood,  although  any  age 
may  be  attacked.  In  city  practice,  the  history  that  the  horse  is 
green  often  helps  us,  as  well  as  the  symptoms,  making  the  diagnosis 
easy.  ^ 

What  disease  may  it  be  mistaken  for  ? 

Glanders,  principally. 

How  is  the  differential  diagnosis  made  ? 

In  colt  distemper  the  swelling  is  more  or  less  smooth  to  the 
feel,  is  large,  generally  filling  the  intermaxillary  space,  is  very  pain- 
ful, while  in  glanders  the  swelling  is  nodulated,  there  is  a  peculiar 
discharge,  together  with  the  ulcerations  on  the  nasal  mucous 
membrane. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

The  prognosis,  as  a  rule,  is  good,  the  affection,  lasting  from  ten 
days  to  three  weeks,  when  recovery  takes  place. 

What  treatment  is  recommended  ? 

The  treatment,  as  a  rule,  is  very  simple,  as  the  disease  runs 
its  regular  course  and  we  cannot  abort  it,  so  we  assist  nature  and 
treat  the  symptoms  as  they  arise. 

Electuaries  may  be  given  when  the  lar3mgitis  is  severe.  In- 
halations can  be  used  in  some  cases.     Potassium  nitrate  in  the 


72  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

drinking-water  is  often  beneficial,  from  its  cooling  properties  as 
a  drink.  Potassium  chlorate,  from  its  refrigerant  and  specific  ac- 
tions. 

If  the  lymphatic  glands  are  much  swollen  and  suppuration  is 
taking  place,  hot  poultices  can  be  applied  to  hasten  the  process. 

Blistering  with  cantharides,  and,  after  a  day  or  so,  apply  the 
hot  poultices.  Never  be  too  hasty  in  opening  these  abscesses,  but 
let  them  get  good  and  ripe  (as  we  say);  when  the  hair  falls  off  and 
the  abscess  points,  make  a  crucial  incision  and  allow  the  pus  to 
escape,  after  which  wash  out  thoroughly. 

Astringent  or  even  caustic  and  antiseptic  solutions  should  in 
some  cases  be  injected  daily  to  keep  the  granulations  in  proper  con- 
dition, trying  to  avoid  sinuses  being  formed.  When  the  cavity  does 
not  yield  to  the  solution  you  are  using,  it  is  well  to  change  and  use 
some  other  drug  or  drugs.  In  the  majority  of  cases,  however,  anti- 
septic solutions  alone  are  necessary,  as  the  granulations  are  usually 
neither  exuberant  nor  unhealthy. 

Define  irregular  strangles. 

This  form  receives  the  name  of  bastard  or  malignant  strangles, 
and  is  seen  mostly  in  dealers'  stables. 

Abscesses  form  in  different  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  neck,  in 
the  groin,  in  the  inguinal  region,  along  the  intestinal  canal,  in  the 
thoracic  cavity,  and,  in  rare  cases,  in  the  brain. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Vary  according  to  the  seat  of  the  abscess.  The  local  symptoms 
confined  to  the  head  show  the  glands  to  remain  indolent,  even  with 
blistering  and  poulticing;  the  head  commences  to  swell,  the  animal 
refuses  food,  the  breathing  becomes  difficult,  and  the  animal  fades 
away.  There  is  a  bloody  discharge  from  the  head,  a  fcetid  odor, 
and  a  tendency  to  develop  a  low  form  of  pneumonia. 

How  is  this  form  to  be  treated  ? 

Steaming  the  animal's  head,  the  use  of  electuaries,  washing 
out  the  mouth  with  gargles,  the  giving  of  tonics,  stimulants,  and 
good  food,  according  to  indications. 

Tracheotomy  may  be  required  where  the  dyspnoea  is  marked, 
due  to  the  swollen  condition  of  the  head  or  of  the  throat;  there 
is  a  liability  in  these  cases,  after  an  operation,  to  gangrene,  so  care 
should  be  exercised.     Remove  the  tube  every  twenty-four  hours. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  73 

clean  it  thoroughly,  and  rinse  it  in  an  antiseptic  solution.     Also 
cleanse  the  wound  and  then  replace  the  tube, 

VARIOLA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Small-pox. 

Give  the  definition. 

It  is  an  acute,  febrile,  contagious,  and  systemic  disease,  char- 
acterized by  eruptions  on  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes,  which 
follow^  a  definite  course. 

What  animals  may  be  affected  ? 

This  disease  may  be  seen  in  the  horse,  sheep,  pig,  dog,  goat, 
and  ox. 

How  may  the  disease  be  divided  for  study  ? 

Into  three  stages:  1,  The  stage  of  incubation;  2,  the  stage  of 
invasion,  and,  3,  the  stage  of  eruption. 

Describe  the  stage  of  incubation. 

This  is  the  time  elapsing  from  the  entrance  of  the  poison  into 
the  system  and  the  first  manifestation  of  the  disease. 

In  the  horse  about  one  week,  four  to  six  days  in  the  cow,  four 
to  seven  days  in  the  sheep,  and  from  ten  to  fourteen  days  in  man. 

What  takes  place  during  the  stage  of  invasion  ? 

This  is  called  the  initial  stage,  and  is  usually  ushered  in  by 
a  chill,  followed  by  symptoms  of  fever  and  catarrhal  symptoms. 
This  stage  lasts  from  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours. 

Describe  the  stage  of  eruption. 

This  stage  is  important  and  characteristic.  Little  red  spots 
make  their  appearance  on  the  skin  in  various  parts  of  the  body; 
soon  little  nodules  present  themselves,  which  rapidly  develop  into 
vesicles  filled  with  a  clear,  limpid  fluid;  these  vesicles  are  peculiar, 
having  a  depression  in  the  centre,  and  are  called  umhilicated. 

In  three  or  four  days  pustules  take  the  places  of  the  vesicles. 
The  pus  dries  on  top,  forms  a  scab,  which  after  a  time  falls  off 
and  leaves  a  cup-shaped  cicatrix  or  pit. 


74  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

HOESE-POX. 
Give  the  synonym. 

Variola  equina. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  caused  by  a  specific  organism,  which  is  fixed  and  volatile, 
and  may  be  found  in  pustules,  the  scabs,  the  blood,  the  secretions, 
the  excretions,  and  the  expired  air. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

There  is  fever,  dulness  of  the  animal,  loss  of  appetite,  associ- 
ated with  skin  eruptions,  which  are  generally  seen  in  isolated 
parts  of  the  body,  as  the  lower  parts  of  the  extremities,  around 
the  nostrils  and  lips,  and  can  be  better  appreciated  in  horses  with 
light-colored  skins. 

The  legs  are  hot,  swollen,  and  painful,  and  often  there  is  lame- 
ness; the  swelling  extends  along  the  back  part  of  the  limb  as  high 
up  as  the  hock. 

On  the  white  surfaces  the  red  spots  show  themselves,  then  they 
become  pimples  or  nodules,  then  vesicles  form,  later  to  become 
pustules,  which  dry  and  form  scabs,  soon  to  fall  off  and  leave  cica- 
trices. 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  ? 

This  affection  may  be  mistaken  for  scratches,  unless  a  careful 
examination  be  made.  Again,  it  may  be  mistaken  for  glanders,  but 
by  watching  the  symptoms,  isolating  for  a  few  days,  there  will  be 
no  trouble  in  differentiating. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

If  the  symptoms  be  mild,  the  prognosis  is  good.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  animal  and  the  surroundings  have  a  marked  influence. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases  ? 

It  being  a  self-limited  disease,  leave  it  alone  and  assist  nature. 
Keep  the  parts  clean,  apply  antiseptic  dressings,  and  treat  other 
symptoms  as  they  arise.  It  is  well  to  cover  the  eruptions  with 
sweet-oil,  vaseline,  or  sprinkle  them  with  a  powder,  as  bismuth 
subnitrate. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  75 

Cooling  drinks,  as  potassium  nitrate  in  the  drinking-water. 
Sulphite  of  soda  may  be  given  in  these  cases. 

Vaccination  should  be  resorted  to,  not  forgetting  to  isolate 
the  patients. 

GLANDEKS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Equina,  farcy.  ♦ 

Name  the  forms  of  glanders. 

As  REGARDS  THE  DURATION  AND  INTENSITY,  three  forms  are 
recognized,  viz.:  Chronic  glanders,  acute  glanders,  and  latent  glan- 
ders. 

Clinically,  two  forms  are  found,  namely,  glanders  proper 
and  cutaneous  glanders,  or  farcy. 

Define  glanders. 

It  is  a  malignant,  specific,  and  contagious  disease,  which  at- 
tacks mostly  the  equidaB,  and  is  characterized  by  constitutional  as 
well  as  local  symptoms  of  a  grave  character. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  due  to  a  special  germ  called  the  hacillus  malleii,  or  bacillus 
of  glanders,  discovered  by  the  French  and  Germans.  Debility,  low 
feeding,  overwork,  bad  stables,  etc.,  put  the  animal  in  condition 
to  develop  the  disease  if  exposed. 

Describe  briefly  the  micro-organisms. 

They  are  little,  rod-shaped  bodies,  about  two-thirds  the 
diameter  of  the  red  blood-cells,  and  have  a  peculiarity  of  living  in 
a  temperature  of  between  68°  and  113°  F.;  at  this  temperature 
they  will  grow,  and  can  be  cultivated,  but  they  require  oxygen  in 
which  to  live. 

They  can  be  killed  by  freezing,  or,  better,  by  boiling  water  or 
certain  drugs,  as  the  bichloride  of  mercury,  1-5000,  or  a  one  per  cent, 
solution  of  permanganate  of  potash. 

The  favorite  seat  seems  to  be  in  the  lymphatic  system;  the 
germs  are  not,  as  a  rule,  found  in  the  bile  or  milk. 

What  are  the  modes  of  infection  ? 

Some  animals  seem  to  have  immunity;  it  can  be  inoculated  into 
some  of  the  equine  species,  and  especially  in  the  ass,  which  is  more 


76  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

susceptible  than  is  the  horse;  other  animals,  as  the  goat,  the  guinea- 
pig,  the  rabbit,  the  dog,  the  sheep,  the  pig,  are  those  which  may 
be  inoculated. 

The  harness,  currycombs,  the  bedding,  pails,  watering  troughs, 
etc.,  are  the  most  common  methods  of  inoculation. 


CHRONIC    GLANDERS. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  chronic  glanders  ? 

Chronic  glanders  may  come  on  insidiously  or  may  be  shown 
by  constitutional  symptoms,  which  gradually  subside  as  the  lesions 
present  themselves. 

This  is  the  most  common  form,  and  is  characterized  by  ulcer- 
ation of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nasal  cavity.  At  first  there 
is  a  reddened  spot,  which  soon  becomes  elevated,  a  pustule  is  formed, 
which  ruptures  and  leaves  an  irregular-shaped  ulcer,  commonly 
called  a  chancre;  the  ulcer  has  everted  edges,  which  are  thickened, 
reddened,  and  form  a  ring  around  the  ulcer. 

The  ulcers  are  apt  to  spread,  becoming  confluent,  and  in  some 
cases  perforating  the  septum;  a  favorite  seat  for  these  ulcers  is  in 
the  false  nostrils. 

Another  important  symptom  is  the  swelling  of  the  intermaxil- 
lary glands.  They  have  a  characteristic  feel,  being  indurated,  ad- 
herent to  the  Jawbone,  bosilated,  and  are  non-painful.  The  swelling 
is  usually  unilateral,  although  it  may  be  bilateral.  These  glands 
show  no  tendency  to  suppurate  in  the  majority  of  cases;  some  few 
may  break  down  and  discharge  a  thin,  oily,  sticky  fluid. 

The  character  of  the  discharge  from  the  nostril  should  not  be 
lost  sight  of;  it  is  of  a  greenish-yellow  color,  sticky,  at  times  bloody, 
is  non-odorless,  except  when  admixed  with  dead  material,  and  often 
adhering  to  the  external  edges  of  the  nostril. 

Tell  the  general  symptoms  of  chronic  glanders. 

The  animals  do  not  seem  to  do  well;  their  appetite  is  variable, 
they  lose  flesh,  staring  coat,  rise  in  temperature  a  degree  or  two,  they 
sweat  more  readily,  become  fatigued,  at  times  show  shifting  lame- 
ness, discharge  from  nose  is  bloody  in  some  cases,  cough,  oedematous 
swellings  may  be  present,  and  the  mucous  membranes  are  often  of  a 
slate  color. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  77 

LATENT  GLANDERS. 

What  is  latent  glanders  ? 

This  is  a  form  of  glanders  that  has  no  external  lesions,  they 
being  entirely  internal. 

What  is  usually  found  on  post  mortem  ? 

Nodules  in  the  lungs,  ulcerations  on  the  bronchial  mucous 
membrane,  and  also  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  larynx. 

Give  some  of  the  general  symptoms. 

The  animal  is  dull,  has  a  staring  coat,  a  cough  which  is  dry  and 
hollow,  the  respirations  are  altered  in  character,  lameness  may  be 
present.  Dulness  over  these  affected  parts;  more  or  less  rise  in 
temperature. 

ACUTE   GLANDERS. 

Define  acute  glanders. 

Acute  glanders  is  the  same  as  the  other  forms,  except  that  the 
symptoms  are  more  severe  and  the  course  more  rapid. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Hemorrhage  from  the  nostrils  is  often  the  first  symptom  no- 
ticed; in  other  cases  a  discharge. 

The  period  of  incubation  in  acute  glanders  is  from  three  to  five 
days  in  inoculated  cases,  while  in  infected  cases,  weeks  or  months. 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  shows  spots  or  ulcers;  there 
is  a  swelling  of  the  intermaxillary  glands  which  is  painful  on  press- 
ure and  not  limited;  the  temperature  is  elevated  to  103°,  10-1°, 
or  105°  F.;  the  respirations  accelerated;  there  is  a  discharge  from 
the  nose  which  is  sticky  and  often  causes  particles  of  dust,  etc., 
to  accumulate  around  the  nostrils.  Death  may  be  caused  by  suffo- 
cation. 

FARCY. 
What  is  farcy  ? 

Cutaneous  glanders,  or  farcy,  is  another  manifestation  of  the 
disease,  and  is  characterized  by  swelling  or  nodules  (called  farcy 
luds  or  farcy  buttons)  of  the  skin  and  superficial  lymphatic  glands. 

Describe  these  nodular  swellings. 

They  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pea  to  a  hickor3'-nut,  and  may 
be  found  along  the  jugular  groove,  the  inside  of  the  thigh,  as  high 


78  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

up  as  the  base  of  the  tail,  along  the  back  part  of  the  hock,  under 
the  abdomen,  on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  shoulder,  on  sides  of 
the  chest,  where  the  saddle  rests;  also  around  the  head,  face,  and 
lips. 

In  acute  cases,  about  the  sixth  or  seventh  day,  these  break  down 
and  discharge  a  greenish-yellow  material,  which  is  oily  and  sticky. 
In  chronic  cases  there  is  no  tendency  to  suppurate,  they  being  hard 
and  non-painful. 

How  may  glanders  be  diagnosed  ? 

Principally  by  the  ulcers,  peculiar  thin  but  oily  discharge, 
swellings  of  the  lymphatic  glands,  elevation  of  temperature,  emacia- 
tion, and  by  the  use  of  mallein. 

What  disease  may  glanders  be  mistaken  for  ? 

Nasal  catarrh,  pus  in  the  guttural  pouches,  purpura  hsemor- 
rhagica,  leucocythcemia,  rhino-adenitis,  urticaria,  lymphangitis. 

What  prognosis  should  be  given  ? 

The  prognosis  is  grave.    Report  all  cases  to  the  Board  of  Health. 

Describe  the  mode  of  treatment. 

Isolate  all  suspicious  cases,  and  await  development  of  symp- 
toms. Give  animal  a  full  aloetic  purge;  water  from  a  separate  pail; 
be  careful  about  the  bedding,  blankets,  harness,  etc.  Scald  stalls 
with  washing  soda  (1^  pounds  to  each  pail  of  boiling  water);  then 
use  carbolic  acid  in  water,  or  bichloride  of  mercury,  and  submit  the 
building  periodically  to  chlorine  or  sulphurous  acid  gas. 

If  not  positive,  use  mallein;  inject  2^  c.c.  in  the  side  of  the 
neck,  remembering  to  take  the  temperature  before  the  injection. 
Take  temperature  every  two  hours  for  at  least  fourteen  hours,  and 
in  some  cases  twenty-four  hours.  The  features  are,  a  rise  of  tem- 
perature, two  or  more  degrees,  and  a  local  swelling  at  the  point  of 
inoculation,  which  is  painful  on  pressure. 

MALADIE  DU   COIT. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Dourine,  equine  syphilis,  venereal  disease,  disease  of  coitus. 

Define  dourine. 

This  is  a  contagious  venereal  disease  seen  in  stallions  and  mares, 
rather  chronic  in  its  course,  and  characterized  by  a  discharge  from 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  DISEASES.  79 

the  genital  organs,  associated  with  ulceration,  and  followed  by 
paralysis. 

What  is  the  cause  ? 

The  cause  is  not  well  understood.  It  is  a  disease  seen  after 
copulation,  and  the  vehicles  of  contagion  are  in  the  urethra  of  the 
male  and  the  vagina  of  the  female. 

This  disease  was  first  noticed  in  1796,  and  has  since  been  seen 
in  Poland,  Germany,  Austria,  Switzerland,  England,  Belgium,  and 
was  imported  into  this  country  in  1880. 

How  long  is  the  period  of  incubation  ? 

It  varies  from  one  to  six  or  eight  weeTcs. 

What  are  the  symptoms  seen  in  the  female  ? 

A  few  weeks  after  copulation  a  discharge  from  the  vidva  is 
noticed;  it  is  clear  at  first,  but  soon  becomes  opaque,  yellowish  in 
color,  and  sometimes  ichorous. 

The  genital  organs  become  swollen,  the  mucous  membrane 
thrown  in  folds  and  covered  with  a  gelatinous-like  fluid;  red  spots 
or  erosions  on  the  mucous  membrane  may  also  be  present. 

The  inflamed  condition  of  the  clitoris  causes  the  mare  to  stretch 
herself  and  eject  small  quantities  of  urine  at  varying  intervals; 
the  lips  of  the  vulva  open,  the  erect  clitoris  is  shown,  and  there  is 
switching  of  the  tail. 

On  the  body  and  legs  are  indolent  swellings  the  size  of  a  fifty- 
cent  piece;  these  may  disappear  and  reappear  in  other  places.  These 
swellings  are  said  to  be  caused  by  an  infiltration  into  the  papillary 
layer  of  the  derma. 

The  most  serious  symptom  is  the  paralysis  of  the  posterior  ex- 
tremities; the  animals  drag  their  toes,  rock  their  bodies,  and  cross 
their  legs  somewhat  similar  to  cases  of  spinal  meningitis  or  influ- 
enza. This  paralysis  is  apt  to  be  progressive,  causing  a  dropping 
of  the  ears,  paralysis  of  the  facial  muscles,  of  the  lips,  eyelids,  etc.; 
soon  they  go  down,  are  unable  to  get  up,  get  bed-sores,  and  die  from 
emaciation,  paralysis,  or  are  destroyed. 

Describe  other  symptoms  seen  in  stallions. 

They  are  more  difficult  to  notice  in  the  male.  The  discharge 
is  usually  less  in  quantity.  There  is  swelling  of  the  meatus,  red 
spots  or  erosions  over  the  sheath,  which  are  often  difficult  to  discern. 


80  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Then  paralysis  of  the  hind  extremities  is  shown,  and  death  is 
often  jDieceded  by  symptoms  of  pneumonia.  The  lymphatic  vessels 
and  the  inguinal  ganglia  are  involved  at  times. 

What  are  the  conditions  found  on  post  mortem  ? 

These  are  not  pathognomonic;  the  body  is  emaciated,  and 
where  the  tissues  are  cut  through  an  anaemic  condition  is  presented. 

In  some  cases  swelling,  thickening,  and  exudation  into  the 
neurilemma,  in  posterior  extremity,  while  in  between  the  muscles  a 
gelatinous  material  may  be  seen. 

A  congestion  of  the  brain  and  spinal  cord  may  be  found,  and 
some  of  the  nerves  show  signs  of  degeneration.  An  oedematous 
condition  of  the  vulva  and  neighboring  parts  may  be  present  in 
the  mare,  while  the  penis,  sheath,  and  scrotum  in  the  stallion  show 
like  conditions. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

It  is  doubtful  and  grave.  The  course  is  irregular  and  chronic, 
lasting  six  or  eight  months  to  two  or  three  years. 

In  the  stallion  it  is  more  serious  on  account  of  liability  of 
spreading  the  disease  more  rapidly.     Seventy  per  cent.  die. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Tlie  indications  for  treatment  point  mostly  to  the  parts  affected; 
injections  of  astringent  and  disinfectant  lotions — silver  nitrate, 
1-100;  potassium  permanganate,  1-100;  bichloride  of  mercur)^ 
1-10,000;  zinc  sulphate,  1  grain  to  the  ounce;  other  drugs  used 
are  tannic  acid  (|  dram  to  8  ounces),  zinc  chloride  (1  grain  to  4  or 
8  ounces  rose  waterj.  Stimulating  liniment  over  loins  may  be 
indicated.  Castration  has  been  recommended,  but  seems  severe; 
destruction  of  the  stallions  has  been  ordered  in  some  countries  of 
Europe. 

Internally,  potassium  iodide.  Fowler's  solution  of  arsenic,  bel- 
ladonna, strychnine. 

These  animals  should  be  isolated. 

ACTINOMYCOSIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Big  Jaw;  lumpy  Jaw;  commonly  called  by  some  "  wolf  in  the 
Jaw  ";  wooden  tongue. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  81 

Define  actinomycosis. 

This  is  a  chronic  infective  disorder,  produced  by  the  actinO' 
myces,  or  ray  funyus. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

This  disease  was  lirst  described  by  Bollinger,  in  1887,  when 
the  proper  nature  of  the  disease  was  described  in  the  ox,  in  which 
animal  it  most  commonly  occurs,  being  rare  in  the  horse.  This 
disease  occurs  in  cattle,  pigs,  horses,  and  is  seen  in  the  human 
subject. 

It  is  caused  by  a  parasite  that  usually  gains  entrance  with  the 
food  or  drink,  lodges  on  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  buccal  cavity, 
especially  if  abrasions  exist. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

In  the  early  stages  of  its  growth  the  parasite  gives  rise  to  small 
granulation  tumors,  not  unlike  those  produced  in  tuberculosis; 
as  they  increase  in  size,  proliferation  of  the  surrounding  connective 
tissue  is  extensive;   soon  suppuration  takes  place. 

What  are  the  clinical  forms  ? 

(a)  Alimentary  form,  the  mouth  being  the  common  location; 
but  the  parasite  may  locate  in  the  intestines,  producing  ulceration. 

(b)  Pulmonary  form,  w^here  the  lungs  are  the  seat. 

(c)  Cutaneous  form,  where  associated  with  certain  skin  affec- 
tions. 

(d)  Cerebral  form,  where  the  seat  is  in  the  cranial  cavity  and 
produces  symptoms  similar  to  tumor  of  the  brain. 

How  may  actinomycosis  be  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  symptoms,  by  the  local  swellings  followed  by  suppura- 
tion, and  by  the  use  of  the  microscope. 

What  treatment  is  recommended  ? 

Hasten  suppuration  by  poultices  or  hot  fomentation,  open  the 
abscess  and  irrigate  with  astringent  and  disinfectant  solutions. 

Internally,  potassium  iodide  has  given  the  best  results.  In- 
ternal antiseptics  may  be  indicated  in  some  of  the  forms;  bismuth, 
creasote,  quinine,  salol,  etc. 


82  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

EQUINE  RABIES. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Madness,  equine  madness. 

What  is  rabies  ? 

It  may  be  defined  to  be  an  acute  functional,  contagious  dis- 
ease, occurring  in  the  dog,  cat,  wolf,  and  fox,  and  transmitted  to 
man  and  all  animals  by  inoculation,  and  characterized  by  varying 
reflex  and  nervous  symptoms. 

Define  hydrophobia. 

This  literally  means,  dread  of  water.  There  is  an  inability 
to  swallow  water,  on  account  of  a  paralysis  of  the  muscles  about  the 
throat. 

What  is  the  period  of  incubation  of  rabies  ? 

In  the  horse  it  varies  from  two  to  eight  weeTcs;  in  the  dog  it 
varies  from  one  weeTc  to  six  months;  in  the  ox,  from  two  to  four  weeks; 
in  the  sheep,  from  three  to  six  weeks;  in  swine,  from  three  to  seven 
weeks;  in  man,  from  two  to  nine  weeks. 

What  are  some  of  the  symptoms  shown  in  the  horse  ? 

The  horse  becomes  nervous,  excitable,  and  violent;  it  kicks 
and  bites  at  the  stall  as  well  as  itself  or  objects  near  by,  or  the 
groom,  often  causing  fracture  of  the  jaw. 

The  animal  neighs,  trembles,  rubs  against  the  sides  of  the  stall; 
there  is  an  impaired  appetite,  paralysis  of  the  pharynx  and  of  the 
posterior  extremity,  convulsions,  coma,  followed  by  death  in  horn 
four  to  seven  days. 

What  treatment  is  recommended  ? 

Thoroughly  cauterize  the  wound  with  acids,  caustics,  or  the 
actual  cautery,  and  treat  antiseptically. 

The  Pasteur  treatment  is  highly  recommended,  and  should  be 
used.  This  consists  in  inoculating  the  animal  with  a  specially  pre- 
pared serum. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  83 


DYSENTERY. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Bloody  flux. 

Define  dysentery. 

It  may  be  defined  to  be  a  specific  infectious  inflammation  of 
the  large  intestines,  usually  proceeding  to  ulceration,  characterized 
by  frequent  stools,  colicl-y  pains,  and  tenesmus. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

This  disease  is  not  common  in  the  horse,  being  more  frequently 
seen  in  cattle. 

It  is  more  apt  to  occur  in  hot  climates,  but  may  be  seen  in  any 
location. 

Although  probably  of  specific  origin,  this  fact  is  hard  to  es- 
tablish clinically  in  every  case. 

Animals  kept  in  damp  stables,  low  and  marshy  pastures,  in 
localities  where  there  is  decomposition  of  vegetable  or  animal 
matter,  the  drinking  of  stagnant  water,  eating  unwholesome  food, 
the  sudden  chilling  of  the  skin,  stopping  perspiration,  together  with 
indigestion,  are  among  the  causes. 

Some  pathogenetic  poison,  the  nature  of  which  is  not  under- 
stood, is  probably  the  essential  cause. 

Dysentery  in  the  human  subject  is  one  of  the  four  greatest 
epidemics  of  the  world. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  large  bowels,  and  sometimes  the 
ileum,  becomes  of  a  red-brown  color,  especially  that  of  the  colon, 
where  the  disease  is  most  extensive. 

The  contents  of  the  intestines  are  liquid,  consisting  of  serosity, 
shreds  of  mucous  membrane,  and  tenacious,  blood-stained  mucus. 

There  is  congestion  and  infiltration  of  the  mucous  membrane, 
and  little  vesicles  may  be  seen  here  and  there,  which  rupture,  leav- 
ing ulcers,  which  are  characteristic  of  dysentery.  These  ulcerations 
dip  down  and  may  penetrate  the  muscular  coat  and  afiiect  the  peri- 
toneum. 

Give  the  symptoms  of  dysentery. 

It  usually  commences  with  symptoms  of  dyspepsia,  the  animal 
becoming  dull,  legs  together  under  the  body,  back  somewhat  arched. 


84  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

diarrhoeal  discharges,  loss  of  appetite,  tongue  furred  and  moist; 
later,  glazed;  thirst,  which  is  prominent;  abdomen  swollen  and 
painful. 

The  most  important  symptom  is  the  evacuation  from  the  howels, 
which  is  at  first  liquid,  fetid  odor,  and  admixed  with  blood,  and 
therefore  called  bloody  flux.  The  discharges  are  very  irritating  to 
the  mucous  membrane,  causing  colicky  pains  and  tenesmus.  Ema- 
ciation takes  place  rapidly,  the  discharge  becomes  involuntary,  and 
there  are  symptoms  of  asthenia;  the  animals  die,  generally,  from 
exhaustion. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

The  milder  cases  recover,  while  the  cases  with  ulceration  and 
bloody  discharges  usually  die. 

If  the  case  be  complicated  the  prognosis  is  grave. 

What  is  the  duration  ? 

The  average  duration  is  from  seven  to  ten  days  to  four  weeks. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Try  to  get  rid  of  the  irritating  material  in  the  intestines  by 
an  oleaginous  purge,  which,  however,  should  be  used  with  care. 

Mori>hine  hypodermically  is  indispensable  to  relieve  the  pain 
and  straining. 

Large  doses  of  bismuth  (2  to  4  drams)  every  two  or  three 
hours  are  useful,  being  an  internal  antiseptic. 

Very  small  doses  of  bichloride  of  mercury;  other  drugs  indi- 
cated are  ipecacuanha,  chalk,  tannic  acid,  copper,  alum,  zinc  sul- 
phate, lead  acetate. 

Locally,  moist  heat  to  the  abdomen. 

Injections  of  water,  at  the  temperature  of  the  body,  containing 
astringents,  relieve  the  straining.  Silver  nitrate  (20  to  60  grains  to 
the  pint),  injecting  2  to  4  quarts  or  more.  Quinine  (1-5000,  or 
1-2500,  or  1-1000)  may  be  used.  Injections  are  not  without  danger, 
so  care  should  be  used.  A  cocaine  suppository  may  be  used  before 
the  injection,  to  overcome  the  straining. 

The  diet  should  be  light,  consisting  of  bran  mashes,  oatmeal 
gruel,  etc. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  86 

CEREBEO-SPINAL  ^lENINGITIS. 

Give  the  synonym. 
Cerebro-spinal  fever. 

What  is  the  definition  ? 

This  is  a  specific  infectious  disease,  occurring  sporadically  and 
in  epizootics,  characterized  by  an  inflammation  of  the  cerebro-spinal 
meninges,  and  running  an  irregular  course. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

It  is  due  to  a  germ  which  is  not  well  understood.  Bad  hygienic 
conditions,  as  damp,  dark,  ill-ventilated  stables,  excessive  heat,  over- 
work, etc.,  probably  assist  in  its  development. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

There  may  be  no  cJiaracterislic  changes,  as  the  majority  die 
before  exudation  takes  place.  In  well-marked  cases  the  meninges 
of  the  brain  and  cord  are  inflamed,  the  blood-vessels  standing  out 
prominently,  and  the  ventricles  contain  a  serous  exudate. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

It  usually  occurs  as  an  enzootic  disease.  The  animals  are  ap- 
parently well  at  night,  and  in  the  morning  one  horse  may  be  down, 
another  dead,  others  refuse  their  food,  they  being  unable  to  swallow 
on  account  of  a  paralysis  of  the  throat,  which  condition  can  be 
verified  by  the  introduction  of  the  hand  into  the  pharynx.  In  the 
course  of  several  hours  the  paralysis  may  extend  toward  the  posterior 
extremity,  causing  a  peculiar  swaying  motion,  with  a  dragging  of 
the  toe  of  the  extremity.  The  tail  is  limp,  it  having  lost  its  power. 
These  cases  usually  terminate  rapidly,  the  average  duration  being 
eighteen  hours.  The  pulse,  temperature,  and  respiration  are  not 
of  any  particular  use  in  making  a  diagnosis. 

How  is  the  disease  diagnosed  ? 

It  may  be  diagnosed  by  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  by  the 
inability  to  swallow,  from  paralysis  of  that  part,  which  usually  ex- 
tends toward  the  posterior  extremity. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Cerebro-spinal  meningitis  is  usually  fatal. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

This  afl'ection  does  not  seem  to  yield  to  treatment.  Belladonna, 
ergot,  quinine,  calabar  bean,  potassium  bromide,  morphine  (hypo- 


86  PRACTICE  OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

dermically),  iodide  of  potassium,  are  drugs  used.    Locally,  ice  or  cold 
applications  to  the  head. 

SEPTICEMIA. 

What  is  septicaemia  ? 

Septica3inia  comes  from  septico,  signifying  "  putrefaction,"  and 
hcemia,  "  blood." 

It  is  a  constitutional  disease  due  to  the  absorption  into  the 
blood  of  decomposed  dead  matter  from  a  wound;  or  it  is  a  putrid 
infection  of  the  blood,  associated  with  certain  constitutional  symp- 
toms and  caused  by  bacteria. 

Healthy  blood  will  destroy  bacteria  if  they  are  in  small  quan- 
tities, but  if  in  large  quantities  they  poison  the  blood. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

These  vary  with  the  amount  of  septic  material  present.  There 
is  a  slight  chill,  followed  by  fever,  with  a  rapid  rise  of  temperature, 
being  as  high  as  105°  or  106°;  there  is  dulness  of  the  special  senses, 
and  prostration;  the  skin  is  hot  and  dry,  there  being  hardly  any 
perspiration;  the  secretions  and  excretions  are  often  tinged  with 
blood;  the  urine  contains  a  large  amount  of  urates;  the  mucous 
membranes  are  of  a  dirty  yellowish  color  and  ecchymosed. 

The  pulse  is  small,  weak,  and  quick,  the  respirations  are  feeble 
and  difficult,  and  there  is  bloody  diarrhoea  in  the  majority  of  cases. 
The  lymphatic  glands  become  swollen  all  over  the  body,  and  it  is 
through  this  channel  that  the  septic  material  gets  into  the  circu- 
lation. 

How  is  septicaemia  diagnosed  ? 

From  the  fact  that  these  symptoms  appear  in  animals  where 
we  expect  to  see  this  condition,  following  gangrenous^wounds  and 
the  like. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

If  the  symptoms  are  severe  and  the  constitution  of  the  animal 
is  weak,  the  prognosis  is  grave;  in  the  milder  forms  the  prognosis 
is  more  favorable. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  blood  is  darker  than  normal;  it  coagulates  less  readily,  and 
contains  pus  microbes.  The  spleen  is  enlarged  and  softer;  the  lym- 
phatic glands  show  signs  of  inflammation;   the  various  viscera  are 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  87 

somewhat  swollen;  mucous  membranes  of  the  stomach  and  bowels 
are  often  inflamed.  Capillaries  are  inflamed,  and  hemorrhages 
often  take  place  in  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes,  in  the  shape 
of  ecchymotic  spots. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

The  local  treatment  consists  in  the  removal  of  the  cause,  if  pos- 
sible; the  using  of  antiseptics  in  those  putrid  wounds,  also  remov- 
ing those  parts  of  the  wound  that  are  gangrenous,  remembering  to 
keep  the  wound  open. 

The  constitutional  treatment  consists  in  good  hygienic  condi- 
tions, good  nourishing  food,  good  air,  etc.;  internal  antiseptics, 
dilute  acids,  lime-water,  stimulants  (as  whiskey),  quinine,  bromine, 
strychnine,  salicylic  acid. 

PY^mA. 

Define  pyaemia. 

It  is  a  systemic  disturbance,  due  to  the  absorption  of  septic 
matter  from  a  wound,  and  characterized  by  the  formation  of  mul- 
tiple foci  of  suppurative  inflammation  (metastatic  abscesses),  in 
various  parts  of  the  body,  and  accompanied  by  certain  systemic 
symptoms. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

It  is  caused  by  pus  microbes,  just  the  same  as  septicsemia,  but 
they  seem  to  be  in  groups  and  become  lodged  in  various  organs, 
and  set  up  foci  of  suppurative  inflammation,  and  reproduce  in 
greater  numbers. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  blood  is  characterized  by  a  tendency  to  coagulate  spon- 
taneously (wherever  the  blood-current  is  slow).  Multitudes  of  micro- 
cocci are  found  in  the  blood  and  on  the  walls  of  the  vessels;  venous 
thrombosis  and  embolism  are  essential  features  of  this  disease. 

These  emboli  become  lodged  in  the  small  arteries  of  different 
organs,  and  lead  to  the  formation  of  abscesses.  ^letastatic  ab- 
scesses are  found  in  the  lungs,  liver,  spleen,  muscles,  kidneys,  heart, 
and  brain. 

In  a  general  way  we  may  say  that  the  blood  becomes  directly 
affected  by  the  veins,  whereas,  in  septicaemia,  it  comes  indirectly 
through  the  lymphatics. 


88  PRACTICE  OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Well-marked  symptoms  are  shown;  first,  a  chill,  followed  by 
fever,  with  a  gradual  rise  of  temperature  from  103°  to  10-1°  F, 
The  chills  of  pygemia  occur  irregularly,  and  the  temperature  is 
higher  than  in  the  sweating  stage. 

The  pulse  is  frequent,  small,  and  intermittent.  The  conjunc- 
tiva becomes  yellow,  there  is  loss  of  appetite,  thirst,  diarrhoea,  the 
animal  becomes  dull,  the  respirations  are  hurried  and  shallow. 

As  death  approaches,  signs  of  delirium  show  themselves,  the 
pulse  becomes  more  feeble  and  intermittent,  and  the  animal  passes 
into  coma  and  death. 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  between  septicaemia 
and  pyaemia  ? 

Septiccemia  shows  a  slight  chill,  while  pycemia  a  distinct  chill; 
septiccemia  only  one  chill  at  the  beginning,  while  in  pycemia  the 
chills  recur.  In  septiccemia  there  are  slight,  if  any,  sweatings,  where- 
as in  pywmia  there  are  profuse  sweats;  in  septiccemia  the  temperature 
is  high  at  the  onset — 105°  or  106°  F.,  while  in  pycemia  the  temper- 
ature gradually  rises — from  102°  to  104°  F.  Septiccemia  develops 
rapidly;  pycemia,  slowly.  In  pycemia  the  heart  impulse  is  less 
forcible  than  in  septiccemia.  Finally,  thrombi  and  multiple  ab- 
scesses develop  in  pywmia  and  are  its  distinguishing  objective  evi- 
dence, while  they  never  occur  in  simple  septiccemia. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Always  unfavorable. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

There  is  the  preventative  treatment  and  the  treatment  of  a  de- 
veloped case.  The  first  resolves  itself  into  cleanliness,  good  venti- 
lation, sunlight,  etc. 

The  pywmic  poison  is  eliminated  by  the  intestinal  tract,  and 
not  by  the  skin  or  kidneys.  Internal  antiseptics  are  used;  bromine, 
carbolic  and  salicylic  acids;  the  oil  of- turpentine,  the  sulphites  and 
the  hypo-sulphites  of  sodium,  calcium,  and  magnesium;  quinine 
is  a  drug  most  extensively  used  for  its  antiseptic,  its  stimulant  and 
antipyretic  powers.  The  patient  should  be  supported  by  good  nour- 
ishment and  stimulants. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF  DISEASES.  89 


TETANUS. 
Give  the  synonym. 
Lock-jaw. 

Define  lockjaw. 

This  is  a  functional  infectious  disease,  characterized  by  tonic 
spasms  of  the  muscles,  with  marked  exacerbations. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

The  virus  is  produced  by  a  hacillus  which  occurs  in  the  earth, 
in  putrefying  fluids,  and  in  manure. 

Some  cases  occur  without  any  apparent  cause,  and  these  cases 
have  received  the  name  of  idiopathic  tetanus. 

In  other  cases  it  may  follow  wounds,  especially  punctured 
wounds  of  the  feet,  where  the  plantar  cushion  is  involved;  those 
wounds  that  seem  trifling  are  more  apt  to  be  followed  by  tetanus 
(called  traumatic  tetanus);  also,  where  foreign  bodies  become 
lodged,  such  as  small  splinters  of  wood. 

It  may  follow  castration  or  other  operations,  as  docking  the 
tail;  also,  fracture  of  the  vertebra;  or  it  may  follow  small  wounds 
or  abrasions  from  the  harness. 

The  tetanus  lacitlus  can  be  isolated  and  cultivated,  it  growing 
at  the  ordinary  temperatures. 

It  consists  of  a  slender  rod  with  rounded  ends,  and  may  grow 
into  long  threads,  and  is  anaerobic. 

The  bacilli  develop  at  the  site  of  the  wound. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

There  are  no  characteristic  lesions  found  in  the  brain  or  in 
the  spinal  cord.  Congestions  occur  in  different  portions  of  the 
nervous  system. 

What  is  the  semiology? 

Usually  ten  days  after  a  wound  the  s}Tnptoms  may  show  them- 
selves, there  being  slight  stiffness  of  certain  muscles  of  the  neck, 
and  possibly  some  difficulty  in  mastication. 

The  rule  is  that  the  symptoms  come  on  suddenly;  the  man 
goes  to  feed  the  horse  in  the  morning  and  finds  he  will  not  eat,  and 
that  he  seems  stiff. 

The  head  is  extended,  the  nose  in  the  air,  tlio  tail  slightlv  ele- 


90  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

vated  and  carried  to  one  side,  the  hind  legs  more  or  less  stiffened 
and  wide  apart  (a  straddling  gait),  and  in  severe  cases  the  anterior 
extremities  are  separated.  In  moving,  the  body  is  not  flexed,  the 
animal  moving  as  though  he  was  made  of  one  piece. 

There  is  difficulty  in  backing,  the  horse  appears  nervous,  ex- 
citable, and  when  you  move  him  around  quickly  or  elevate  the  head 
the  membrana  nictitans  is  thrown  over  tlie  eye. 

Trismus  is  often  present,  the  teeth  become  set,  and  you  cannot 
introduce  your  finger  or  even  a  blade  of  a  knife  between  them  (hence 
it  is  called  lock-jaio).  In  mild  cases  this  symptom  is  not  pronounced. 

In  the  severe  form  there  is  a  discharge  of  saliva;  the  voluntary 
muscles  are  hard  to  the  feel,  especially  those  of  the  neck. 

The  pulse,  in  mild  cases,  is  not  much  altered,  but  in  severe 
cases  there  is  an  increase  in  the  frequency. 

The  temperature  is  peculiar;  this  is  a  non-febrile  disease,  but 
it  often  has  a  high  temperature — 105°  or  106°  F.,  and  just  before 
death  it  runs  up  to  110°  or  113°  F.,  or  in  some  cases  Just  after  death. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

There  ought  not  to  be  any  trouble  in  making  a  diagnosis. 
When  you  have  seen  one  of  these  cases,  you  have  seen  all. 

The  position  of  the  body,  the  tail,  and  the  manner  of  locomo- 
tion, and  the  membrana,  nictitans  being  thrown  over  the  eye  on  the 
slightest  movement. 

In  the  human  subject  there  are  certain  positions  of  the  patient. 

The  ordinary  position  in  man  is  where  he  rests  on  his  occiput 
and  heels,  the  back  being  curved.  This  position  is  known  as  opis- 
thotonos. 

The  entire  trunk  and  limbs  may  be  perfectly  rigid — orthotonos. 
Where  the  body  is  bent  to  one  side  it  is  called  pleurosthotonos.  When 
the  back  is  arched  and  the  body  bent  forward — emprosthotonos. 

What  is  the  duration  and  the  prognosis  ? 

This  disease  may  kill  quickly,  in  several  hours  or  four  or  live 
days,  or  in  other  cases  it  may  run  three  or  four  weeks,  and  you 
think  they  ought  to  get  well,  when  they  become  exhausted,  fall 
down,  and,  by  some  excitement,  death  results. 

The  appearance  of  the  animal,  anxious  expression,  eyes  drawn 
in  their  sockets,  nostrils  dilated,  furrowing  of  the  skin  of  the  face, 
saliva  from  the  mouth,  inability  to  open  the  jaw,  body  covered 
with  perspiration. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  91 

A  little  noise,  etc.,  throws  them  into  spasms,  and,  if  down,  as 
a  rule,  they  never  rise  again,  and  it  is  almost  impossible  to  help 
them  up. 

Death  is  apt  to  occur  during  the  paroxysm  from  heart-failure 
or  asphyxia,  or  it  may  be  due  to  exhaustion. 

The  average  duration  is  from  four  days  to  six  weeks. 

Severe  cases  die  and  mild  cases  get  well,  in  the  majority  of 
instances.    The  prognosis  should,  however,  always  be  guarded. 

What  treatment  is  recommended? 

There  is  no  specific  treatment  as  yet,  and  the  various  methods 
used  have  proved  unsuccessful  in  the  majority  of  cases. 

The  drugs  used  are  opium  in  large  doses,  aconite,  chloral  hy- 
drate, bromide  of  potassium,  calabar  bean,  Indian  hemp,  belladonna, 
curara,  alcoholic  stimulants  in  excess,  chloroform,  ether. 

Bloodletting  and  counter-irritation  have  been  employed,  but 
should  not  be  recommended. 

Do  not  excite  the  patient;  it  is  often  claimed  that  the  less 
you  do,  the  better;  if  in  the  country,  it  is  often  well  to  turn  the 
animal  out  and  leave  him  alone. 

In  the  city  we  put  the  animal  in  a  dark  box-stall  and  keep  him 
quiet;  keep  the  people  away,  and  have  one  person  to  care  for  him, 
with  the  orders  that  the  attendant  do  everything  quietly,  so  as  not 
to  excite  the  animal.  The  attendant  should  move  around  easily, 
making  no  sudden  motion. 

Do  not  give  solid  medicines,  as  a  rule;  the  medicine  should  be 
given  in  liquid  form  and  concentrated,  and  given  with  a  syringe. 

Suppositories  may  be  used  in  some  cases,  composed  of  morphine 
and  atropine,  one-half  or  one  grain  each,  used  twice  a  day. 

These  are  often  good,  and  do  not  produce  any  irritation,  as  do 
medicines  given  by  the  mouth. 

The  laity  say  a  sudden  shock  will  cure  tetanus,  as  throwing  the 
animal  overboard,  or  shooting  off  a  gun  over  his  head,  or  throwing 
water  on  him;  also  sudden  blows.  Others  say  that  by  placing  sheep- 
skin over  the  loins,  letting  it  remain  there  until  it  rots,  will  cure 
these  cases,  but  all  these  are  whims,  and  should  not  be  recommended. 

The  sheet  anchor  is  to  keep  the  animal  quiet;  the  use  of  sup- 
positories or  hypodermics  or  liquid  medicine,  by  the  mouth,  in  con- 
centrated form,  and  in  some  cases  the  inhalation  of  chloroform  or 
ether. 

Also,  feeding  the  animal  per  rectum  in  some  cases,  or  by  hav- 


92  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

ing  gruel  in  a  pail,  and  when  the  animal  is  left  alone  he  will  often 
suck  it  up, 

Tetanine  (anti-toxine)  has  been  used  with  varying  success,  but 
up  to  the  time  of  writing  it  cannot  be  relied  on.  Probably  in  the 
near  future  it  may  be  improved  so  as  to  produce  the  desired  effect. 


4.    CONSTITUTIONAL  DISEASES. 

PURPUEA   H^MOERHAGICA. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

Purpura,  petechial  fever  of  horses,  dropsy,  anasarca,  morbus 
maculosus,  scarlatina. 

Define  Purpura. 

This  is  a  constitutional  disease,  having  its  origin  in  the  blood 
and  capillaries,  and  characterized  by  petechial  spots  on  the  mucous 
membranes,  and  by  swellings  under  the  shin,  the  result  of  sanguine- 
ous effusion. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

Extravasations  of  the  blood  from  the  vessels  are  found  in  the 
interstices  of  the  various  organs,  as  the  lungs,  spleen,  kidneys,  and 
the  subcutaneous  tissue;  there  is  a  Jelly-like  mass,  and  the  blood  is 
darker  than  normal  and  more  fluid. 

Similar  conditions  exist  on  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes, 
associated  with  hemorrhage  on  the  free  surface. 

Give  the  aetiology  of  this  affection. 

It  may  occur  as  a  primary  disease,  but  is  seen  mostly  as  a 
secondary  condition. 

The  real  cause  is  not  well  understood,  and,  although  probably 
due  to  bacteria,  one  fact  is  obvious — that  it  follows  debilitating 
conditions,  as  influenza,  strangles,  pharyngitis,  intestinal  catarrh, 
suppurative  lymphangitis,  pneumonia,  pleurisy.  Many  cases,  how- 
ever, make  their  appearance  without  previous  sickness. 

Embolism  and  thrombosis  are  said  to  be  causes;  also,  a  dis- 
ordered condition  of  the  vasomotor  system.  Bad  drainage,  dark, 
damp  stables,  poorly  ventilated,  seem  to  favor  its  development. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  93 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

In  riiiMAiiY  CASES  the  symptoms  come  on  suddenly;  there  is 
an  impaired  appetite,  possibly  a  tendency  to  diarrhoea,  some  fever, 
and  the  animal  dull  and  has  somewhat  of  a  stiffened  gait. 

In  secondary  cases  we  usually  find  the  following:  As  the 
pneumonia,  influenza,  etc.,  subsides,  convalescence  is  prolonged, 
swellings  appear  under  the  abdomen  or  on  the  legs,  together  with 
petechial  or  ecchymotic  spots  on  the  mucous  membranes. 

Swellings  on  the  skin  in  various  parts  of  the  body  make  their 
appearance,  usually  in  the  most  dependent  parts — under  the  ab- 
domen, between  the  fore-legs,  along  the  thighs,  around  the  nose. 
These  swellings  are  large  or  small,  more  or  less  painful,  tense,  hot, 
and  not  of  any  uniform  shape  at  first. 

As  the  disease  progresses  these  swellings  either  disappear  or 
coalesce  and  become  uniform,  reaching  from  the  foot  up  to  the 
stifle  in  the  posterior  extremity,  and  up  to  the  shoulder  in  the 
anterior  extremity;  when  the  head  is  the  seat,  the  swelling  extends 
as  high  as  the  eyes.  There  is  one  peculiarity  about  the  ending 
of  these  swellings — that  is,  they  end  abruptly,  as  though  a  cord 
had  been  tied  around  the  part.  Often  the  swellings  take  place  in 
circumscribed  spots  over  the  body  resembling  urticaria. 

The  swelling  of  the  legs  causes  lameness,  a  stiffened  or  jerky 
motion.  The  animal  does  not  care  to  move,  the  skin  often  cracks 
open,  becomes  bloody. 

The  general  functions  of  the  body  are  not  particularly  al- 
tered in  the  beginning,  but,  as  the  disease  goes  on,  several  func- 
tions are  interfered  wath,  notably  that  of  prehension. 

Tlie  temperature  is  not  much  raised  at  the  onset,  but  later  it 
may  rise,  in  which  case  it  usually  denotes  a  complication. 

The  pulse  is  not  very  rapid  at  first,  but  later  it  often  becomes 
accelerated,  and  possibly  double. 

Tlie  respirations  are  labored,  especially  when  the  head  is 
swollen,  the  ribs  becoming  prominent  during  the  act  of  breathing. 

As  the  disease  goes  on,  the  swellings  increase  in  size,  the  head 
resembles  that  of  a  hippopotamus,  is  heavy,  causing  the  animal 
to  rest  it  on  the  manger,  the  extremities  become  larger,  the  penis 
and  sheath  being  so  much  swollen  as  to  interfere  w'ith  urination 
and  locomotion. 

The  above  condition  may  be  noted  in  the  afternoon,  and  the 
following  day  the  swellings  may  have  disappeared  and  their  dis- 
appearance may  be  thought  favorable,  but  these  cases  often  die  in 


94  PRACTICE  OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

the  course  of  a  few  days,  either  from  apnrea,  oedema  of  the  glottis 
or  lungs,  from  gangrene  of  the  lungs,  or  internal  hemorrhage. 

What  is  the  duration  of  purpura  ? 

The  course  and  duration  are  very  irregular,  lasting  from  one 
to  three  or  four  weeks. 

How  may  this  affection  be  diagnosed? 

The  diagnosis  ought  to  be  easily  made;  the  petechial  spots  on 
the  visible  mucous  membranes,  the  characteristic  swellings,  which 
end  abruptly. 

What  diseases  may  be  mistaken  for  purpura  ? 

-  It  may  be  mistaken  for  glanders  proper,  or  farcy,  but  there 
should  not  be  any  trouble  in  differentiating,  as  purpura  shows 
petechial  spots,  and  the  swellings  end  abruptly. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

This  depends  on  the  state  of  the  animal,  the  place,  and  the  time 
of  year.  Never  be  positive,  as  mild  cases  may  die  and  severe  cases 
recover. 

If  the  weather  be  cool,  the  animal  able  to  eat  and  in  a  roomy, 
well-ventilated  box-stall,  the  prognosis  is  more  favorable. 

If  in  hot  weather,  the  animal  unable  to  eat,  the  skin  cracks, 
and  sloughing  takes  place,  the  prognosis  becomes  very  unfavorable. 

About  sixty  to  seventy  per  cent.  die. 

Outline  the  treatment  of  purpura. 

General  as  well  as  local  treatment  has  to  be  employed  in  many 
cases. 

The  general  treatment  should  be  directed  toward  improving 
the  condition  of  the  blood  as  well  as  the  blood-vessels.  Good  hy- 
gienic surroundings  are  of  the  utmost  importance,  as  well  as  look- 
ing after  the  diet. 

The  drugs  indicated  and  recommended  are  alcohol,  potassium 
chlorate,  ergot,  digitalis,  potassium  iodide,  iron  preparations,  tur- 
pentine, potassium  nitrate,  strychnine,  camphor,  gallic  acid,  dilute 
sulphuric  acid,  salicylic  acid,  colchicum. 

Professor  James  L.  Robertson  recommends  strong  coffee,  one 
pint,  potassium  iodide,  one  or  two  drams,  given  three  times  a  day. 

Potassium  nitrate  may  be  given  in  food  or  drinking-water. 

In  some  cases,  especially  where  head  is  much  swollen,  I  use 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  95 

the  fluid  extract  of  nux  vomica,  thirty  minims;  the  spirits  of 
turpentine,  fifteen  to  thirty  drops;  alcohol,  one  ounce — given  as 
a  dose  every  three  hours  with  a  syringe. 

Colchicum  powder  or  fluid  extract  is  an  important  drug  in 
these  cases. 

The  local  treatment  consists  of  massage,  rubbing  and  moulding 
the  swellings  with  cold  water,  stimulating  liniments,  or  hot  water. 

Try  to  prevent  sulfocation  by  attention  to  the  swellings;  keep 
nostrils  open,  or  perform  tracheotomy. 

Do  not  cut  these  swellings,  as  gangrene  is  apt  to  follow.  If 
wounds  are  present,  treat  them  antiseptically. 

The  sero-therapeutical  treatment  is  now  being  used  and  good 
results  are  being  reported. 

HAEMOPHILIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Hemorrhagic  diathesis,  bleeder's  disease. 

What  is  understood  by  this  affection  ? 

It  is  a  congenital  condition,  in  which  bleeding  takes  place 
habitually. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

There  is  a  hereditary  predisposition  in  these  cases,  as  a  rule. 
Pregnancy  may  have  a  tendency  to  develop  it.  Then  there  is 
the  neurotic  theory,  as  it  is  seen  or  associated  with  nervous  dis- 
orders. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Certain  prodromie  symptoms,  as  plethora,  congestion,  etc., 
may  exist. 

Bleeding  takes  place  from  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose, 
mouth,  lungs,  stomach,  intestines,  or  genito-urinary  passages. 

Traumatic  injuries  of  various  sorts  produce  the  bleeding, 
which  is  difiicult  to  arrest. 

In  man,  after  tooth  extraction;  slight  wounds  of  any  sort  pro- 
duce the  hemorrhage. 

How  is  this  condition  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  presence  of  the  hemorrhage  and  the  history  showing 
this  tendency.    This  is  rare  in  the  horse. 


96  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

The  prognosis  is  grave  in  these  cases,  as  death  usually  results. 
Life  may  be  prolonged  in  some  cases  for  an  indefinite  period. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

It  is  symptomatic.  The  tincture  of  the  chloride  of  iron,  potas- 
sium chlorate,  fluid  extract  of  hydrastus  canadensis,  calcium 
cliloride,  ergot,  mineral  acids  are  drugs  indicated. 

Neurotic  medicines  are  often  beneficial,  and  may  be  the  only 
means  of  stopping  the  hemorrhage. 

Mechanical  means  are  used  where  they  can  be  applied. 

Pads  wet  in  a  fresh  infusion  of  the  thymus  gland  may  be 
used;  or  the  application  of  fresh  blood  from  a  healthy  animal  may 
be  of  service. 

OSTEOMALACIA. 

Name  the  synonym. 

Cachexia  ossifraga. 

Define  this  disease. 

It  is  a  systemic  condition,  with  a  diminution  in  the  amount  of 
calcareous  salts  in  the  bones  of  the  adult,  characterized  by  softening 
and  deformity  of  the  hone  from  reabsorption  of  these  salts. 

What  are  the  post-mortem  appearances  ? 

This  disease  was  described  by  Roloff  in  1856,  when  the  disease 
became  epizootic  in  Germany. 

An  early  examination  of  the  bones  shows  the  marrow  con- 
gested, while  the  remaining  portion  of  the  bone  appears  about 
normal.  The  little  canals  are  enlarged,  and  there  is  more  blood 
in  the  vessels. 

As  the  disease  progresses,  the  medullary  cavities  become  filled 
up,  the  presence  of  which  is  recognized  by  little  red  spots  in  the 
marrow. 

On  the  inner  surface,  little  scales  of  bone  are  seen,  which  soon 
become  absorbed.  The  bone  becomes  more  brittle,  friable,  and  the 
walls  thinner,  on  account  of  the  absorption  of  the  lime  salts,  and 
are  very  prone  to  fracture. 

A  section  of  bone,  when  seen  under  the  microscope,  shows 
an  absence  of  the  salts. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  97 

Give  the  aetiology  of  osteomalacia. 

This  disease  is  rarely  seen  in  the  equine  race,  being  more 
commonly  met  with  among  bovines. 

It  is  seen  among  animals  in  zoological  gardens,  and  more  es- 
pecially among  pregnant  animals  and  those  giving  milk.  The  more 
abundant  the  lacteal  secretion,  the  more  rapid  the  course. 

It  is  a  disease  of  adult  life,  and  may  be  due  to  a  lack  of  the 
proper  amount  of  salts  in  the  food.  It  may  be  seen  during  dry 
seasons,  when  the  ground  is  dry,  there  not  being  sufficient  moisture 
to  dissolve  the  salts.  The  want  of  lime  salts  in  the  soil;  such  as 
swampy,  turfy,  or  sandy  soils,  poor  in  phosphoric  acid. 

Three  theories  have  been  advanced: 

1st.  Where  the  animals  do  not  receive  these  elements  in  their 
food. 

2d.  The  acid  theory,  which  says  that  lactic  acid  is  formed  in 
the  stomach  and  dissolves  the  salts. 

3d.  The  inflammatory  theory — that  an  inflammation  of  the 
periosteum  and  bone  substance  takes  place. 

The  first  is  probably  the  best,  as  the  disease  can  be  produced 
artificially  by  giving  food  not  containing  these  salts. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  first  symptom  noticed  is  called  pica  (hunger,  depraved 
appetite).  These  animals  eat  foreign  bodies,  such  as  sticks,  straw, 
etc.;  they  lick  the  attendant's  clothes,  or  they  lick  the  walls, 
especially  if  they  have  been  whitewashed. 

If  the  disease  is  allowed  to  go  on,  there  is  trouble  in  locomo- 
tion; the  animal  is  stiff,  and  in  walking  the  legs  become  more  or 
less  entangled  by  the  animal  crossing  them,  and  a  cracking  and 
snapping  of  the  Joints  is  often  heard.  Percussion  over  the  bones 
gives  a  clear  and  hollow  sound. 

The  articulations  are  hot,  swollen,  and  painful;  the  animal 
does  not  stand  still,  but  is  constantly  moving. 

These  animals  seem  to  prefer  lying  down,  and  it  is  often  dif- 
ficult for  them  to  get  up,  evincing  pain  when  they  do.  Efforts 
at  micturition  and  defecation  cause  pain. 

At  first  there  is  no  fever,  but  later  there  is  often  a  slight 
rise  in  temperature,  the  pulse  becomes  increased,  and  emaciation 
is  well  marked. 

•The  ligaments  binding  the  joints  may  become  loosened  from 
their  attachments  or  may  become  absorbed,  and  dislocation  or 


98  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

fracture  of  the  bones  of  the  hind  extremity  or  of  the  pelvis  is  the 
result.  The  pelvis  is  apt  to  break  down  when  the  foetus  is  present. 
Fracture  of  ribs  may  take  place. 

What  is  the  prognosis? 

The  prognosis  is  favorable  if  seen  early  and  the  proper  kind 
of  food  is  given.  If  the  disease  is  allowed  to  go  on,  the  animal 
dies  of  asthenia. 

Eoloff  says  that  these  fractures  get  well  by  the  formation  of 
a  callous,  while  others  say  a  union  rarely  takes  place;  false  joints 
are  formed. 

The  fractures  in  these  instances  are  painless. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Eemove  the  cause,  which  is,  in  many  cases,  the  lack  of  proper 
food;  in  these  instances  it  is  well  to  change  the  pasture  and  supply 
those  articles  that  are  wanting. 

Give  ground  phosphates  (bone  dust),  one  or  two  ounces  two 
or  three  times  a  day,  and  along  with  this  a  little  common  salt. 

Stop  the  milking  and  allow  the  animal  to  dry  up.  If  a 
valuable  one,  give  linseed  oil,  or,  better,  cod-liver  oil,  either  of 
these  having  a  tendency  to  fatten  and  act  as  a  tonic.  I  prefer 
giving  carron  oil,  which  consists  of  equal  parts  of  linseed  oil  and 
lime  water.  Of  this  mixture  two  or  four  ounces  may  be  given  in 
the  feed.    The  linseed  oil  may  be  substituted  by  cod-liver  oil. 

Give  nitrogenous  food,  rich  in  calcareous  salts,  grains  in  the 
shape  of  oats  or  dry  clover;   fruit  is  also  very  beneficial. 

Oil-cake  prepared  with  the  food  may  be  used.  Then,  again, 
the  preparations  of  iron,  iodine.  Stomachics  to  aid  digestion  and 
keep  up  appetite. 

EICKETS. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

Eachitis,  bone  softening. 

Define  Rachitis. 

This  is  a  general  or  constitutional  disease,  affecting  nutrition, 
and  characterized  by  a  lacli  of  calcareous  salts  in  the  bone,  pro- 
ducing alteration  in  their  growth  and  shape. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

This  is  a  disease  of  youth,  and  the  animal  may  be  born  with 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  99 

it  or  it  may  become  developed  very  shortly  after  birth;  the  salts 
have  not  been  deposited. 

Rickets  is  met  with  in  young  foals,  high-bred  dogs,  in  calves, 
lambs,  pigs,  and  among  wild  animals  born  in  confinement. 

It  may  be  caused  by  improper  nourishment  while  in  utero, 
or  after  birth  where  only  allowed  to  suck  once  or  twice  a  day,  or 
where  the  food  does  not  contain  the  necessary  variety  and  quantity 
of  the  proximate  principles. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

*  This  is  not  a  local  disease  of  the  bones  of  the  extremities,  as 
many  imagine,  but  may  and  does  affect  all  the  bones  of  the  body, 
as  well  as  other  tissues. 

The  bones  show  the  most  important  changes,  especially  the 
long  bones  at  their  extremities. 

There  is  an  irregularity  of  the  line  of  ossification,  which  is 
more  spongy  and  vascular.  The  periosteum,  which  is  thickened, 
strips  off  and  displays  a  spongoid  tissue.  These  changes  cause  a  de- 
lay of  ossification,  so  that  the  bones  are  not  so  firm  and  do  not  grow 
so  rapidly.  Chemically,  the  calcareous  salts  show  a  diminution, 
in  some  cases  of  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  per  cent. 

The  spleen  and  liver  enlarge. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  bones  are  soft,  the  articulations  swollen,  which  causes 
them  to  change  their  shape  wherever  pressure  is  brought  to  bear; 
the  bones  of  the  extremities  bend  under  the  weight  of  the  body, 
giving  the  names  of  hoiv-legged,  l-noc'k-kneed,  cow-liocked,  pigeon- 
toed,  according  to  the  location  of  the  condition. 

The  pelvis  often  becomes  narrow,  the  spine  twisted  or 
curved.  If  it  curves  downward  it  is  called  lordosis,  or  saddle- 
haclc;  if  curved  upward,  kyphosis,  carp-dacl-,  or  roach-bacl-;  if  side- 
curving,  scoUasis.  The  breast-bone  may  become  prominent,  when 
it  receives  the  name  of  cJiicJcen-hreasted.  The  ribs  bulge  out,  and 
enlargements  are  seen  at  the  junction  of  the  false  and  true  ribs; 
the  abdomen  is  thus  prominent,  the  name  of  pot-gut  being  given 
to  this  condition. 

There  is  an  impaired  appetite  and  digestion,  slight  fever,  pain 
on  motion  or  pressure,  inability  to  walk  in  some  cases,  emaciation, 
delayed  dentition,  the  teeth  being  irregular,  muscles  are  soft  and 
weak,  mucous  membranes  pale,  flatulency,  diarrhoea  in  some  cases, 
and  at  tir^ies  nervous  symptoms  appear,  the  animal  being  uneasy. 


100  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

The  disease  itself  is  not  fatal,  as  a  rule,  but  is  apt  to  produce 
an  unsound  animal  or  leave  the  animal  in  such  condition  as  to 
render  it  liable  to  other  affections.  Complications  may  arise  which 
may  make  the  prognosis  grave. 

Deformities  may  result,  varying  in  extent,  which  may  or  may 
not  interfere  with  the  usefulness  of  the  animal. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

A  laxative  or  purgative  is  usually  required  at  the  onset,  to 
rid  the  alimentary  canal  of  the  undigested  material  which  is  usually 
present;  in  these  cases  linseed  oil  combined  with  sodium  or  potas- 
sium bicarbonate,  in  the  form  of  an  emulsion,  can  be  employed. 

Then  cod-liver  oil  with  preparations  of  iron  or  lime-water, 
given  three  times  a  day  if  the  stomach  does  not  rebel. 

A  drachm  or  so  of  prepared  bone-dust  given  in  the  food. 

Quinine  in  tonic  doses  is  often  useful.  Fowler's  solution  of 
arsenic,  nux  vomica,  pepsin,  pancreatin,  etc.,  may  be  used  in  cases 
indicated. 

Pure  air,  exercise,  and  good  food  are  important.  The  food 
should  consist  of  the  mother's  milk,  if  possible.  In  other  cases, 
cows'  milk,  to  which  lime  has  been  added  to  aid  its  digestion. 

To  prevent  this  disease,  feed  pregnant  animals  properly,  and 
in  this  way  lessen  or  prevent  the  disease. 

If  there  is  any  deformity,  it  should  be  corrected  by  the  use 
of  padded  splints;  the  inflamed  parts  that  are  painful  can  be  bathed 
with  anodyne  liniments,  after  which  stimulating  liniments  are  of 
service. 

OSTEOPOEOSIS. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

Big-head;  eccentric  atrophy  of  bone. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  porous  condition  of  the  bone,  characterized  by  an 
enlargement  of  them  due  to  a  dilatation  of  the  Haversian  canals, 
with  atrophy  or  absorption  of  the  compact  bony  substance. 

What  is  the  causation  ? 

This  is  very  common  among  the  equines  in  certain  districts, 
and  may  be  seen  among  high-bred  horses  as  well  as  common-bred 
work  horses. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  101 

There  are  certain  districts  or  regions  of  this  country,  as  Long 
Island,  Xew  Jersey,  Ohio,  and  Illinois,  where  this  disease  is  quite 
common.    It  does  not  seem  to  affect  the  Yankee  horses,  as  a  rule. 

The  climate  and  the  soil  have  something  to  do  with  it;  there 
is  absence  of  some  of  the  salts.  There  may  be  an  absence  of  some- 
thing in  the  soil  or  in  the  feed  which  has  to  do  with  the  formation 
of  bone. 

It  is  possible  that  this  disease  may  be  of  germ  origin,  as  in 
some  respects  it  resembles  diseases  of  this  sort. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

The  vascular  and  fibrous  tissues  become  increased  without 
any  increase  of  bone. 

The  contents  of  the  cells  and  the  cavities  become  abnormally 
developed,  the  bones  thickened,  especially  those  of  the  lower  jaw. 
The  bones  of  the  extremities  and  the  articulations  are  often  en- 
larged.   In  some  cases  ulceration  of  the  cartilage  may  be  present. 

The  bones  of  the  animal  are  brittle  and  very  prone  to  fracture; 
if  the  animal  were  pulling  a  big  truck  and  should  fall,  there  is  a 
liability  to  fracture,  especially  of  the  ilium;  it  is  often  necessary 
to  differentiate  this  condition  from  other  troubles. 

Give  the  symptoms; 

These  are  somewhat  characteristic. 

We  usually  get  a  history — that  the  animal  is  a  poor  feeder;  at 
first  they  were  good  feeders,  were  in  good  condition,  but  they  began 
to  fall  away  and  did  not  eat  well.  They  have  a  peculiar  tucked-up 
appearance  of  the  abdomen. 

If  you  make  them  trot,  they  travel  with  the  so-called  short 
dog-trot  gait;  there  is  no  knee  action,  the  front  legs  are  stiff  and 
straight,  and  they  often  look  as  though  they  were  going  fast,  but 
they  are  not. 

The  transverse  diameter  of  the  lower  jaw  is  increased;  ordi- 
narily it  may  be,  say,  half  an  inch  or  so,  while  in  this  disease 
it  may  be  three  or  four  inches.  Pressure  on  the  diseased  bones 
causes  pain. 

Very  often,  in  young  animals,  the  roots  of  the  molar  teeth 
give  prominence  to  the  face,  and  we  should  be  careful  not  to  mis- 
take the  two.  In  Shetland  ponies  it  is  often  difficult  to  diagnose, 
as  the  bones  of  the  face  are  naturally  prominent. 


102  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Another  symptom  is  lameness,  which  is  very  well  marked  in 
some  cases,  but  is  hard  to  localize.  Generally,  the  articulation,  as 
the  shoulder- joint  and  the  hip-joint,  may  be  involved.  Lameness 
is  apt  to  shift.  We  often  call  it  rheumatic  lameness,  as  it  has  a 
tendency  to  shift;  sometimes  it  may  be  due  to  traction  by  the 
muscular  and  tendinous  attachments.  The  articulations  may  be 
diseased,  or  the  ends  of  the  bones  under  the  cartilage,  and  when 
in  this  condition  are  very  liable  to  fracture.  These  animals  are 
often  down  and  unable  to  get  up. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

When  a  horse  is  brought  to  you  lame,  in  a  hind  or  front  leg, 
and  you  look  him  over  and  cannot  locate  the  lameness,  examine 
for  osteoporosis. 

The  patient,  as  a  rule,  is  not  fleshy,  is  tucked  up;  the  bones 
of  the  jaw  are  increased  in  diameter — both  the  lower  and  the  upper 
jaw. 

These  animals  are  usually  poor  feeders  and  are  apt  to  have 
a  shifting  lameness,  travelling  from  one  leg  to  another. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

This  depends  on  the  age  of  the  animal  and  the  extent  of  the 
disease. 

The  milder  eases  in  young  animals  may  be  benefited  and  in 
some  cases  entirely  relieved. 

In  other  cases  the  prognosis  is  grave,  and,  as  a  rule,  the  ani- 
mals are  best  destroyed. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  medicine  that  has  any  partic- 
ular effect. 

We  say,  turn  him  over  to  the  green  doctor — turn  him  out  to 
grass  on  soil  containing  lime  salts. 

Sometimes  give  a  physic,  followed  by  cod-liver  oil  with  cal- 
cium phosphate,  and  give  other  drugs  that  may  be  indicated. 

In  cases  where  the  jaws  are  very  sore,  ground  oats  may  be 
given. 

Locally,  anodyne  and  stimulating  liniments  are  of  service. 

DIABETES. 
What  are  the  forms  ? 

There  are  two  forms — diabetes  mellitus  and  diabetes  insipidus. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   DISEASES.  103 


DIABETES  MELLITUS. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Glycosuria. 

Define  this  form. 

This  is  a  constitutional  disorder  of  nutrition  in  which  sugar 
accumulates  in  the  blood  and  is  excreted  through  the  urine,  the 
daily  amount  of  which  is  greatly  increased. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

Too  much  food,  especially  carbo-hydrates  and  peptones,  with 
little  exercise;  also,  changes  in  liver  functions,  pregnancy,  faulty 
metabolism,  certain  poisons  or  pathogenetic  organisms. 

Briefly  state  what  is  known  of  the  morbid  anatomy. 

Comparatively  very  little  is  known  of  the  morbid  anatomy. 
The  liver  is  enlarged  and  fatty,  the  pancreas  smaller,  the  kidneys 
show  nephritis  and  are  fatty,  the  blood  contains  sugar. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

They  usually  show  themselves  more  or  less  slowly;  there  is 
loss  of  strength,  alterations  of  digestion,  increased  thirst,  which 
is  very  noticeable,  passage  of  large  quantities  of  urine  containing 
sugar;  exertion  causes  fatigue,  and  there  is  a  marked  and  progres- 
sive emaciation,  although  the  appetite  is  ravenous.  The  skin  is 
dry  and  harsh,  constipation  apt  to  be  present,  the  tongue  dry,  the 
saliva  being  scanty. 

The  urine  has  a  high  specific  gravity,  is  pale  in  color,  almost 
like  water,  has  a  sweetish  odor  and  a  sweetish  taste. 

To  test  the  urine  for  sugar,  use  any  of  the  following  tests: 
Fehling's,  Trommer's,  or  fermentation  test. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

Eecovery  is  rare.    Cases  may  be  temporarily  relieved. 

What  treatment  is  recommended  ? 

Good  grooming  and  attention  to  the  diet  are  important.  x\void 
food  containing  sugar. 

Drugs  indicated  are  opium,  codeia,  potassium  bromide,  arsenic, 
salicylates,  lithium  salts,  strychnine,  creasote,  lactic  acid,  nitro- 
glycerine, sulphide  of  calcium,  bromide  of  arsenic,  etc. 


104  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE- 


DIABETES  INSIPIDUS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Polyuria,  chronic  diuresis. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  chronic  affection,  characterized  by  thirst,  emaciation, 
and  the  passage  of  large  quantities  of  pale  urine,  which  has  a  low 
specific  gravity. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

They  are  not  well  understood;  traumatic  injuries,  especially 
to  the  nervous  system,  tumors  of  the  brain,  aneurisms;  some  ner- 
vous irritation  affecting  the  medulla,  either  directly  or  indirectly. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

The  disease  usually  comes  on  slowly;  the  first  symptoms  no- 
ticed are  the  passage  of  large  quantities  of  urine  and  an  increased 
thirst.  The  urine  has  a  low  specific  gravity,  is  watery  and  very 
pale;  the  appetite  is  good,  but  not  increased;  the  mouth  and  skin 
are  dry,  but  the  animals  seem  well  nourished. 

How  is  diabetes  insipidus  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  passage  of  large  quantities  of  urine  of  a  low  specific 
gravity,  not  containing  sugar,  except,  possibly,  in  small  quantities; 
also  by  the  increased  thirst,  the  body  being  fairly  well  nourished, 
emaciation  not  marked.  These  symptoms  point  out  the  distinction 
between  the  two  forms  of  diabetes. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Nothing  seems  to  give  satisfaction.  The  following  are  among 
the  drugs  recommended:  Ergot,  valerian,  gallic  acid,  mineral  acids, 
antipyrin,  arsenic,  turpentine,  strychnine,  potassium  iodide,  bro- 
mides, salicylates,  etc. 


SECTION  IV. 
DISEASES  OF  THE  RESPIRATORY  SYSTEM. 

I.  PHYSICAL   DIAGNOSIS. 

Define  Physical  Diagnosis. 

It  is  the  art  of  discovering  disease  by  means  of  the  senses,  espe- 
cially with  the  eye,  the  ear,  and  the  touch. 

What  are  the  methods  employed  ? 

They  are:  l,l7ispection;  2,  palpation;  3,  mensuration;  4,  swc- 
cussion;  5,  percussion;   6,  auscultation. 

Which  are  of  the  greatest  value  ? 

Auscultation  and  percussion,  usually,  and  especially  in  lung 
diseases. 

What  is  inspection  ? 

This  signifies  the  act  of  looTcing  at.  Comparing  one  side  with 
the  other  to  note  the  condition  of  the  parts. 

What  are  the  principal  things  to  note  on  inspection  ? 

It  reveals  the  size,  form,  color,  position,  state  of  a  part,  to- 
gether with  the  movements;  the  state  of  the  pupils,  the  acts  of 
respiration,  etc.,  are  thereby  noted. 

What  is  meant  by  palpation  ? 

By  palpation  is  understood  the  application  of  the  palmar  sur- 
face of  the  hand  and  fingers,  to  appreciate  impressions  which  may 
be  conveyed  through  the  sense  of  touch. 

What  may  be  obtained  by  palpation  ? 

The  heart  beat,  the  condition  of  swellings,  the  frequency  of 
respirations,  to  locate  spots  of  soreness,  to  ascertain  whether  the 
part  is  hot,  cold,  moist,  or  dry,  and  to  otherwise  prove  what  is 
revealed  by  inspection. 

105 


106  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Define  mensuration. 

The  act  of  measuring  with  a  tape,  and  is  seldom  used,  as  it  is 
of  no  practical  importance.  It  consists  of  measuring  from  the 
withers  to  the  sternum  on  either  side,  and  comparing. 

What  is  succussion  ? 

It  is  a  splashing  sound,  heard  when  the  thoracic  or  abdominal 
cavity  contains  a  large  quantity  of  fluid  and  the  body  is  given  a 
sudden  or  jerky  movement,  the  ear  or  hands  being  applied  over 
the  walls  of  the  cavity. 

The  sound  resembles  that  produced  by  the  shaking  of  a  keg 
partly  filled  with  water. 

Succussion  is  useful  in  the  smaller  animals,  as  they  can  be 
shaken  to  better  advantage. 

Define  percussion. 

This  is  tlie  act  of  striking  a  part  to  ascertain  the  composition 
of  the  structures.  Percussion  is  very  important,  and  yields  much 
information  which  is  of  value  in  making  a  diagnosis. 

What  are  the  methods  employed  ? 

There  are  two — the  immediate  and  the  mediate. 

Define  each. 

The  immediate  (also  called  direct  percussion)  is  performed  by 
directly  striking  the  walls  of  the  thorax  with  the  fingers,  but  this 
method  is  not  much  used. 

Mediate,  or  indirect  percussion,  is  where  some  medium  (as  the 
fingers,  pleximeter,  etc.)  is  placed  over  the  part  percussed  and  struck 
with  the  fingers  or  a  hammer. 

The  so-called  digital  percussion  is,  in  ordinary  practice,  prob- 
ably the  most  practical,  and  the  stroke  should  be  performed  from 
the  wrist  and  perpendicularly  to  the  surface. 

What  are  the  objects  of  percussion  ? 

We  percuss  to  obtain  sounds  which  vary  with  the  degree  of 
elasticity  or  resistance  of  the  parts  percussed. 

What  are  the  principal  sounds  elicited  ? 

They  are  the  tympanitic,  the  dull,  and  the  clear,  and,  to  appre- 
ciate the  difference,  one  must  become  familiar  with  the  intensity, 
character,  and  pitch  of  these  sounds. 


diseasp:s  of  the  respiratory  system.  107 

In  percussion  of  the  normal  chest  what  is  obtained  ? 

A  clear  or  normal  pulmonary  r&sonance;  as  there  is  no  exact 
standard,  both  sides  should  be  percussed  and  compared  to  obtain 
the  standard  for  each  animal. 

Name  some  of  the  abnormal  sounds. 

(1)  Hyper-rcsonance,  (2)  dulness,  (3)  tympanitic. 

What  is  hyper-resonance  ? 

It  is  where  there  is  more  air  present  than  is  normally  found, 
and  for  this  reason  elicits,  on  percussion,  what  is  known  as  in- 
creased resonance,  or  hyper-resonance. 

In  what  conditions  do  we  obtain  hyper-resonance  ? 

In  pulmonary  emphysema,  atrophy  of  the  lungs,  consolidation 
of  the  opposite  lung. 

Define  dulness. 

Dulness  is  the  absence  of  resonance,  and  is  due  to  an  increase 
of  solid  material  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  air. 

The  pitch  is  increased  or  heightened,  according  to  the  amount 
of  air  and  the  increase  of  the  solid  tissue. 

What  is  flatness  ? 

If  there  be  an  entire  absence  of  resonance,  the  sound  elicited 
is  called  or  said  to  be  f,at. 

Where  may  dulness  be  obtained  ? 

In  the  so-called  second  and  third  stages  of  pneumonia,  in 
tuberculosis,  and  in  some  cases  of  pleurisy. 

Flatness  is  obtained  when  percussing  over  fluid,  as  in  pleurisy 
with  effusion,  hydrothorax,  ascites,  etc. 

What  is  the  tympanitic  sound  ? 

This  is  a  drum-lil-e  .sound,  ringing  in  character,  and  higher 
pitched  than  the  normal  resonance,  and  is  non-vesicular. 

Explain  the  amphoric  sound. 

The  amphoric  or  metallic  .sound  is  a  tympanitic  sound  of  high 
pitch,  confined  to  one  place,  and  is  heard  over  a  large  cavity. 

Describe  cracked-pot  sound. 

Also  a  variety  of  the  tympanitic  sound;  is  heard  over  a  cavity 
that  communicates  with  the  bronchial  tubes. 


108  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Where  may  the  tympanitic  sound  be  obtained? 

In  flatulent  colic,  oedema  of  the  lungs,  in  pleurisy  above  the 
level  of  the  liquid,  and  in  cavities  of  the  lungs. 

What  is  auscultation  ? 

By  this  is  understood  the  act  of  listening  to  sounds  produced 
within  the  thoracic  cavity  during  the  act  of  respiration. 

This  method,  which  is  the  most  important  of  the  physical 
signs,  offers  the  best  means  by  which  the  various  affections  of  the 
respiratory  organs  may  be  differentiated. 

How  may  auscultation  be  accomplished  ? 

By  placing  the  ear  directly  against  the  chest-walls — called  the 
immediate  method;  or  by  the  use  of  instruments  called  the  stetho- 
scope and  the  phonendoscope — known  as  mediate  auscultation.  In 
ordinary  practice  the  former  is  the  more  preferable. 

What  are  the  sounds  heard  within  the  normal  chest  ? 

Over  the  larynx  or  trachea  a  sound  is  heard  within,  termed 
the  normal  laryngeal  respiration;  it  is  heard  both  on  inspiration 
and  expiration,  is  high-pitched  and  tubular  in  character. 

This  sound  is  identical  with  the  abnormal  sound  heard  over 
the  bronchial  tubes,  and  called  bronchial  breathing. 

Over  the  lung-tissue  the  normal  vesicular  murmur  is  heard,  and 
is  produced  by  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  air-vesicles 
of  the  lungs. 

The  inspiratory  part  of  the  sound  is  of  variable  intensity,  its 
pitch  is  low,  its  quality  soft  and  breezy,  and  is  termed  vesicular. 
It  lasts  during  the  entire  act  of  inspiration. 

The  expiratory  part  is  not  always  heard;  its  intensity  is  feeble, 
pitch  is  low,  and  of  a  soft  and  blowing  character. 

How  may  the  normal  sounds  be  altered  ? 

The  respiratory  murmur  may  become  altered  in  its  intensity, 
in  its  rhythm,  and  in  its  character.  • 

The  intensity  of  the  respiratory  murmur  may  be  increased, 
diminished,  or  absent. 

What  does  increased  respiration  denote  ? 

Increased  or  exaggerated  respiration  denotes  a  want  of  action 
of  some  other  portion  of  the  lung,  and  is  therefore  an  indirect 
evidence  of  disease  in  some  part  of  the  lung-tissue. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  109 

Describe  diminished  respiration. 

There  is  a  dimiuished  intensity  and  duration  of  the  sound 
and  is  seen  in  old  animals. 

When  is  the  murmur  absent  ? 

This  occurs  whenever  there  is  a  blocking  up  of  the  bronchial 
tubes  or  air-cells,  or  a  filling  of  the  pleural  cavity  with  fluid,  and 
thus  causing  pressure. 

What  changes  may  take  place  in  the  rhythm  of  the  res- 
piratory murmur  ? 
It  may  be  interrupted,  the  interval  hetween  the  inspiratory  and 

expiratory  acts  prolonged,  or  the  expiratory  act  prolonged. 

How  may  the    quality   of    the    respiratory    murmur    be 
changed  ? 

It  may  be  harsh,  hronchial,  cavernous,  or  amphoric. 

Define  each. 

Harsh  respiration,  or  hroncho-ve.sicular  breathing,  is  where  both 
the  inspiratory  and  expiratory  sounds  have  lost  their  softness,  and 
usually  indicates  consolidation  of  lung-tissue. 

Bronchial  respiration  is  characterized  by  the  absence  of  all 
vesicular  quality.  Inspiration  is  high-pitched  and  tubular,  while 
expiration  is  still  higher  pitched,  prolonged,  and  tubular. 

Cavernous  respiration  is  a  blowing  sound,  and  not  always  heard 
during  both  acts  of  respiration.  It  is  heard  over  a  cavity  com- 
municating with  the  bronchial  tubes. 

Amphoric  respiration  is  a  blowing  respiration,  having  a  metal- 
lic or  musical  quality,  and  is  heard  over  a  large  cavity  with  firm 
walls. 

Define  rales. 

Rales  are  adventitious  sounds,  so-called  because  they  have  no 
analogue  in  health.  They  cannot  be  considered  as  modifications 
of  respiration. 

How  may  rales  be  divided  ? 

They  may  be  divided  according  to  their  character  and  accord- 
ing to  their  anatomical  situation. 


110  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

According  to   their  character  what  kinds   of   rales  are 
there  ? 

Rales  are  either  dry  or  moist. 

According  to  the  situation  how  are  they  divided  ? 

Into  laryngeal,  bronchial,  vesicular,  cavernous,  and  pleural. 

Describe  dry  rtles. 

Dry  rales  are  produced  when  the  bronchial  tubes  are  narrowed 
from  a  thickening  of  the  mucous  membrane,  or  when  the  mucus 
present  cannot  be  broken  up  by  the  air. 

They  are  high-pitched  when  in  the  smaller  bronchial  tubes, 
and  are  called  sibilant  or  whistling  rales. 

When  in  the  larger  tubes,  they  are  low-pitched  and  are  called 
sonorous  rales.  The  position  of  dry  rales  is  not  influenced  by 
respiration. 

Describe  moist  rales. 

These  are  produced  by  air  passing  through  fluids  that  are 
readily  displaced  by  the  air  during  respiration. 

When  in  the  larger  tubes,  they  are  termed  large  huhhli^ig  or 
mucous  rales,  while  in  the  smaller  tubes  they  are  called  small  huh- 
hling,  mucous,  or  suhcrepitant  rales. 

Moist  rales  are  influenced  by  respiration,  and  are  thus  liable 
to  a  change  of  position  as  the  mucus  becomes  coughed  up. 

What  are  laryngeal  rales  ? 

Laryngeal  or  tracheal  rales  are  those  heard  over  the  larynx  or 
trachea,  and  may  be  either  dry  or  moist  rales. 

Moist  rales  in  this  situation  are  known  as  death  rattles. 

Explain  bronchial  rales. 

Bronchial  rales  are  either  dry  or  moist.  The  dry  are  called 
sibilant  or  sonorous,  according  to  the  situation;  the  moist  are 
termed  large  or  small  bubbling  or  mucous  rales. 

Describe  the  vesicular  rales. 

This  is  a  very  fine  sound  or  series  of  uniform  and  fine  sounds, 
and  heard  only  on  inspiration.  It  is  called  a  crepitant  rale,  and  re- 
sembles the  noise  produced  by  throwing  salt  on  a  fire,  or  the  rub- 
bing of  a  lock  of  hair  between  the  fingers. 

This  rale  is  heard  during  the  first  stage  of  pneumonia. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  Ill 

What  are  cavernous  rales  ? 

These  are  called  guryling  rales,  and  heard  over  pulmonary 
cavities  containing  liquid  and  connecting  with  the  bronchial  tubes. 

What  are  pleural  rales  ? 

They  are  sounds  produced  by  the  movement  of  the  pleura, 
and  may  be  dry  or  moist. 

The  dry  pleural  rale,  or  friction  sound,  is  present  in  the  first 
stage  of  pleurisy,  produced  by  the  rubbing  together  of  the  two 
roughened  layers  of  the  pleura. 

The  moist  pleural  rale  may  be  heard  in  the  third  stage  of 
pleurisy,  as  the  fluid  is  becoming  absorbed  and  the  layers  of  the 
pleura  are  moist. 

It  may  also  be  called  the  rubbing  and  sticking  sound. 

The  metallic  tinlcling  sound  is  heard  especially  during  the 
second  stage  of  pleurisy  with  effusion.  It  may  be  heard  by  apply- 
ing the  ear  over  the  chest  above  the  line  of  fluid,  or,  better,  at  the 
nostril. 

2.     DISEASES   OF   THE   NASAL   PASSAGE. 
NASAL    CATARRH. 

How  many  and  what  are  the  forms  of  nasal  catarrh  ? 

There  are  two  forms,  the  acute  nasal  catarrh  and  chronic  nasal 
catarrh. 

ACUTE   NASAL   CATARRH. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Coryza,  acute  rhinitis,  cold  in  the  head. 

Define  acute  nasal  catarrh. 

Catarrh  signifies  to  flow  down.  It  is  an  acute  catarrhal  in- 
flammation of  the  mucous  membrane  lining  the  nasal  cavity,  char- 
acterized by  fever  and  a  discharge  from  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  nose. 

Give  the  causes  of  coryza. 

Primary  or  so-called  idiopathic  coryza  may  arise  from  atmos- 
pheric changes,  seen  especially  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  when 
there  is  a  chilling  of  the  skin. 


112  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

The  inhalation  of  irritating  gases,  as  smoke,  particles  of  dust, 
dirty  hay,  or  dirty  feed. 

This  is  rarely  met  with  as  a  simple  disease,  it  generally  being 
associated  with  deeper  inflammations,  as  following  ulceration  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose,  in  glanders,  or  it  may  be  sec- 
ondary to  leucocythsemia,  anaemia,  pharyngitis,  laryngitis. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

Two  STAGES  are  recognized — first,  or  dry  stage,  and  second,  or 
moist  stage. 

There  is  an  excessive  amount  of  blood  in  the  mucous  mem- 
brane, which  is  reddened,  thickened,  and  dry  in  the  beginning; 
then  there  is  an  infiltration  into  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose, 
causing  a  thin,  watery  discharge,  the  mucous  glands  beginning 
to  secrete;  the  discharge  becomes  thickened  and  a  sticky  mucus 
after  a  time,  or  it  may  become  muco-purulent  on  account  of  the 
desquamation  of  the  cells  of  the  mucous  membrane  and  a  gen- 
eration of  new  cells. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

First  Stage. — There  is  a  cold  in  the  head,  the  animal  is  dull 
and  has  an  apparent  headache,  lessened  appetite,  more  or  less  shiv- 
ering, followed  by  fever  (the  temperature  is  elevated  two,  three, 
or  four  degrees). 

The  membranes  being  reddened,  thickened,  and  dry,  give  rise 
to  sneezing.    This  stage  lasts  from  several  hours  to  several  days. 

Second  Stage. — Following  this  dry  stage,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane is  shiny,  much  swollen,  and  oedematous;  there  is  a  discharge 
which  at  first  is  thin  and  watery,  but  soon  becomes  thickened  and 
opaque  and  of  a  whitish  color,  due  to  the  white  blood-cells;  in 
some  cases  it  may  be  yellowish;   crusts  often  form  around  nostrils. 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes  becomes  involved,  being 
dry  and  reddened  at  first,  but  soon  a  discharge  takes  place,  which 
at  first  is  thin  and  watery,  and  later  thick  and  pus-like. 

What  is  the  duration  of  an  acute  case  ? 

The  milder  cases  last  about  a  week,  while  the  more  severe 
cases  twice  that  time  or  longer,  depending  on  the  constitution 
of  the  animal  and  the  severity  of  the  attack. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATOEY   SYSTEM.  113 

How  is  this  disease  diagnosed  ? 

The  diagnosis  is  easy,  the  symptoms  being  usually  well  marked. 

The  discharge  from  the  nose,  the  absence  of  symptoms  of 
other  diseases,  and  the  elevation  of  temj)erature  two  or  three 
degrees. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  favorable  if  seen  early  and  the  animal  is  other«-ise  in  good 
health.  Some  cases,  and  especially  neglected  ones,  often  become 
chronic  or  complications  may  arise — eye,  mouth,  throat,  sinuses, 
etc.,  may  become  involved;  these  cases  last  longer. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Both  local  and  systemic. 

In  the  milder  cases,  simple  nursing  may  be  all  that  is  necessary. 

Keep  the  body  warm  by  the  use  of  blankets  and  bandages. 
Put  the  animal  in  a  box-stall  where  there  is  good,  pure  air,  but 
free  from  drafts. 

This  trouble  is  often  cut  short  by  the  use  of  quinine  or  opium 
with  camphor.  Steaming  is  also  used;  bran  put  in  a  pail,  with  hot 
water  poured  on,  can  be  placed  in  a  feed-bag  and  the  animal  al- 
lowed to  inhale  the  steam,  which  is  often  very  soothing.  It  is  well 
not  to  confine  the  animal's  head  too  completely  but  to  allow  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  air  to  be  taken  with  the  steam.  A  steam-producer 
is  now  in  common  use  by  veterinarians,  the  advantage  being  that 
disinfection  can  be  accomplished  at  the  same  time. 

If  there  is  much  fever,  potassium  nitrate  and  tartar  emetic 
can  be  given  in  the  drinking-water. 

Injections  to  unload  the  rectum  are  often  beneficial. 

The  diet  should  consist  of  bland  food,  easily  digestible,  which 
is  far  better  than  forcing  too  highly  nitrogenous  food. 

CHRONIC  NASAL  CATARRH. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Nasal  gleet,  ozena,"  chronic  rhinitis,  fetid  nasal  catarrh. 

What  is  chronic  nasal  catarrh  ? 

The  word  catarrh  cannot  properly  be  used,  but  it  is  held  in 
many  text-books. 

It  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  lining 
the  nasal  passages,  accompanied  by  more  or  less  structural  alter- 
ation and  an  increased  discharge. 


114  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  much  more  rare  than  the  acute  form;  it  may  follow  an 
acute  attack,  or  it  may  be  caused  by  nasal  polypi,  or  from  irritating 
substances  in  the  nose;  also  from  decayed  teeth,  or  it  may  depend 
on  ulcerations  of  glanders,  or  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  sinuses,  or  an  accumulation  of  pus,  or  be  associated 
with  leucocythgemia,  antemia,  or  may  be  of  specific  origin. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  mucous  membrane  is  of  a  dark-red  color,  at  times  grayish, 
is  thickened  more  or  less,  the  veins  are  often  dilated  and  varicose 
and  forming  polypoid  enlargements,  or  there  may  be  ulceration  of 
the  structures  with  a  more  or  less  loss  of  substance. 

The  discharge  is  thick,  of  a  greenish-yellow  color,  and  often 
fetid.  The  mucus  often  dries  on  the  septum  or  around  the  nostrils 
and  forms  crusts.  These  crusts  often  become  dislodged  in  the  act 
of  sneezing,  snorting,  or  coughing.  The  amount  of  discharge 
varies. 

What  is  the  semiology? 

The  disease  is  very  often  unilateral,  and,  if  so,  we  should  be 
suspicious  of  glanders,  which  is  very  often  difficult  to  differentiate, 
except  by  the  use  of  malleine. 

The  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose  are  very  frequently  of  a 
bluish  tint,  with  enlarged  veins  filled  with  blood.  At  times,  the 
surface  of  the  mucous  membranes  presents  erosions. 

There  is  a  discharge,  which  varies  in  consistency  and  color; 
in  some  cases  it  is  thin  and  watery,  while  in  others  it  is  opaque 
and  contains  broken-down  material. 

If  the  head  is  down  near  the  ground  or  the  animal  is  in  mo- 
tion, there  is  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  discharge. 

In  some  cases  there  is  swelling  of  the  intermaxillary  glands. 

How  is  the  disease  diagnosed  and  what  is  the  differen- 
tial diagnosis? 

We  should  first  try  to  get  the  cause — that  is,  the  disease  to 
which  it  is  secondary. 

The  diagnosis  is  made  by  the  history  of  the  case,  the  discharge 
having  continued  for  a  length  of  time;  the  color  of  the  mucous 
membrane  and  the  character  of  the  discharge. 

If  the  discharge  is  due  to  a  decayed  tooth,  there  will  be  a  dis- 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATORY    SYSTEM.  115 

gusting  odor  present.  If  due  to  pus  in  the  sinuses,  there  may  be 
swelling  of  the  bones  of  the  head  over  that  particular  part;  there 
will  be  dulness  on  percussion,  and  ofttiraes  it  becomes  necessary 
to  trephine  to  enable  us  to  make  a  diagnosis. 

What  is  the  prognosis  and  duration  ? 

It  is  very  often  grave,  these  cases  usually  taking  a  long  time 
to  recover,  should  recovery  take  place  at  all. 

It  may  take  weeks,  months,  or  possibly  years. 

What  treatment  is  used  ? 

Ozena  is  tedious  to  treat;  some  cases  never  get  well.  If  the 
discharge  is  from  the  mucous  membrane  and  there  is  no  pus  in  the 
sinuses,  inhalations  are  often  very  beneficial — tar  placed  on  a  shovel 
that  has  been  heated,  or  sulphur,  or  juniper  berry  may  be  burned 
and  the  animal  allowed  to  inhale  the  fumes;  steam  containing 
carbolic  acid,  creolin,  terebin,  etc. 

Peroxide  of  hydrogen  and  lime-water  (equal  parts)  may  be 
found  beneficial  in  some  cases. 

Injections  may  be  used.  A  syringe  has  been  invented  for  the 
human  subject  and  from  which  good  results  have  been  obtained. 
Half  per  cent,  solution  of  carbolic  acid,  zinc  sulphate,  nitrate  of 
silver. 

Powders,  as  iodoform,  can  be  blown  into  the  nose  (insuffla- 
tion).   Blister  over  nasal  cavity  in  some  cases. 

If  pus  is  in  the  sinuses,  trephine  and  allow  it  to  escape;  then 
syringe  out  the  sinuses  daily  until  the  discharge  has  thoroughly 
stopped. 

Internally,  give  good  food,  etc.,  to  build  up  the  system. 

Copper  sulphate,  one  to  two  drams,  in  ball.  Cantharides, 
three  to  five  grains,  two  or  three  times  per  day.  In  other  cases, 
tartar  emetic  with  sulphate  of  iron,  given  three  times  a  day  for 
a  week  or  so. 

Do  not  allow  these  animals  to  drink  out  of  a  trough  where 
others  drink.  (A  good  rule  in  all  cases  where  there  is  a  discharge 
from  the  nose.) 

EPISTAXIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Nasal  hemorrhage,  nose-bleed. 


116  •  PEACTICE  OP  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Define  epistaxis. 

It  comes  from  the  two  words,  epi,  signifying  "upon/'  and 
stazo,  "I  drop."  It  is  a  symptom  of  some  affection  characterized 
by  bleeding  from  the  nose. 

Give  the  aetiology  and  the  symptoms. 

On  account  of  vascularity  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  nose  is 
very  prone  to  bleed.  It  is  met  with  in  hot  weather,  where  the 
animal  has  been  overdriven  or  overworked  in  the  hot  sun.  The 
bleeding  takes  place  from  the  nose  on  account  of  the  congestion. 
The  congestion  may  take  place  in  the  lungs  or  in  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  nose.  When  the  Mood  comes  from  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  nose,  it  is  clear  and  flows  in  a  stream,  or  drop  by 
drop.  Whe?i  it  comes  from  the  lungs,  it  is  frothy  on  account  of  being 
admixed  with  air. 

Injuries,  foreign  bodies  in  the  nasal  cavity,  knife  of  the  sur- 
geon, ulcerations.  It  is  often  the  first  symptom  of  glanders,  and 
very  frequently  aids  us  in  the  diagnosis  of  that  disease.  Depressed 
condition  of  the  system. 

It  may  also  be  associated  with  strangles,  purpura  hsemor- 
rhagica,  leucocythsemia,  haemophilia. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

The  main  principle  of  treatment  is  to  keep  the  animal  quiet; 
remove  cause,  apply  ice  to  the  face,  blow  tannin  and  the  like  up 
the  nostrils.  Five  to  ten  per  cent,  solution  chloride  of  iron  or 
a  solution  of  alum. 

It  may  be  necessary  to  plug  up  the  nostrils — that  is,  to  resort 
to  pressure  or  the  actual  cautery. 

Internally,  iron,  ergot,  belladonna,  tannin,  pyrogallic  acid, 
etc.,  according  to  the  complications. 


3.     DISEASES  OF  THE  LARYNX. 

LARYNGITIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Sore  throat. 

What  are  the  forms  of  laryngitis  ? 

Acute  and  chronic;   some  add  the  siil)aeute. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  117 


ACUTE  CATAERHAL  LARYNGITIS. 

What  is  acute  catarrhal  laryngitis  ? 

It  is  an  acute  inllammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  lining 
the  larynx  with  products  of  a  catarrhal  inflammation,  characterized 
by  fever,  a  cough,  and  difl&cult  deglutition. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

There  is  redness,  swelling,  and  softening  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  larynx,  which  is  at  first  dry,  due  to  the  arrest  of  the 
secretion  of  the  mucous  glands;  soon  we  find  the  membrane  cov- 
ered with  mucus,  which  contains  epithelial  and  pus-cells. 

On  post  mortem,  there  is  often  less  redness  and  swelling  than 
there  is  during  life,  owing  to  the  richness  of  elastic  tissue.  The 
redness  and  swelling  are  due  to  an  increased  amount  of  blood  and 
the  infiltration  into  the  membrane. 

The  inflammation  runs  a  more  or  less  rapid  course,  and  the 
parts  return  to  the  normal;  in  some  cases  it  may  become  chronic. 
If  superficial  erosions  are  present,  there  may  be  ecchymotic  spots, 
or  even  an  escape  of  blood,  due  to  an  involvement  of  the  capillary 
vessels. 

In  some  cases  it  is  limited  to  a  portion  of  the  larynx,  chiefiy 
near  the  epiglottis,  in  which  case  it  is  apt  to  be  associated  with  an 
infiammation  of  the  fauces  and  pharynx. 

The  danger  in  this  form  of  laryngitis  is  due  to  the  submucous 
inflammation  as  well  as  to  spasm  of  the  glottis,  which  the  infiltra- 
tion causes. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  caused  by  chillings  of  the  skin,  as  when  the  animals  have 
long  hair  and  sweat  easily.  It  is  often  seen  in  the  spring  or  fall, 
when  there  is  a  change  in  the  atmosphere. 

It  is  also  caused  by  inhalations  of  irritating  gases,  smoke,  dust, 
etc.  Continued  pressure  or  mechanical  injuries  to  the  larynx  may 
be  a  cause,  as  a  tight  throat  latch;  it  is  often  associated  with  stran- 
gles, nasal  catarrh,  influenza,  etc. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  acute  laryngitis  ? 

A  chill  may  be  present  and  there  are  well-marked  febrile 
s3rmptoms;  the  pulse  is  quickened  and  full,  the  temperature  is  105° 
to  106°  F.,  and  there  is  a  cough  present  which  is  at  first  dry  and 


118  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

husky  and  hard,  but  after  a  time  it  becomes  looser  and  is  often 
accompanied  b}'  an  expectoration.  In  some  cases  the  cough  is 
suppressed  on  account  of  the  pain. 

The  position  of  the  head  is  often  well-marked,  the  nose  being 
extended  in  the  air  in  a  more  or  less  horizontal  position. 

Pressure  over  the  larynx  with  the  fingers  causes  the  animal 
to  throw  his  head  up  in  the  air  and  to  cough. 

We  should  be  careful  not  to  make  the  animal  cough  after  we 
have  made  our  diagnosis,  as  it  produces  pain  and  irritation. 

There  is  apt  to  be  an  impairment  of  the  appetite,  the  animal 
being  unable  in  many  instances  to  swallow  solid  food. 

The  glands  in  that  region  are  more  or  less  swollen.  The  res- 
pirations may  be  interfered  with,  when  the  swelling  about  the 
glottis  is  extensive. 

How  is  the  disease  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  exceedingly  high  temperature,  by  the  position  of  the 
head,  by  the  cough,  and  by  the  difficulty  in  swallowing  solid  food 
and  pain  on  pres^sure  over  that  region. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

The  prognosis  is  good,  as  a  rule,  the  case  lasting  ten  days  to 
two  weeks  or  longer. 

How  would  you  treat  a  case  of  this  sort  ? 

The  treatment  varies  somewhat;  counter-irritation,  in  the 
form  of  liniments  or  mustard,  a  second  application  often  being 
necessary.  Others  prefer  blister,  which-  is  not  so  irritating  and 
is  more  lasting  in  its  action. 

Internally,  we  should  avoid  bulky  medicines,  as  they  cause 
irritation  and  are  apt  to  be  coughed  up. 

Belladonna  extract,  two  drams,  which  makes  a  small  pill,  can 
be  given. 

If  the  animal  does  not  eat  well  and  is  debilitated,  quinine 
should  be  given. 

The  fluid  extract  of  aconite  and  belladonna,  syringed  into  the 
mouth  and  fauces,  acts  generally  and  locally. 

Electuaries  are  especially  indicated  in  these  cases;  they  may 
contain  potassium  chlorate,  or  boracic  acid,  or  camphor,  or  opium, 
or  powdered  belladonna  root,  etc.,  mixed  with  licorice  root  and 
molasses  or  honey. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY    SYSTEM.  119 

A  gargle  of  silver  nitrate  may  be  thrown  back  into  the  fauces 
by  means  of  a  syringe,  or  the  tincture  of  capsicum  may  be  so  used; 
these  irritate  during  first  stages. 

Carbolic  acid,  alum,  potassium  chlorate,  etc.,  may  also  be  used, 
A  two  per  cent,  solution  of  cocaine  may  be  used,  especially  in  the 
latter  stages,  where  a  hacking  cough  remains. 

Steaming  with  hot  water  medicated  with  a  non-irritating  dis- 
infectant vapor  is  very  useful,  in  connection  with  a  gargle,  electuary, 
or  counter-irritation. 

Where  the  fever  is  high  and  the  membrane  is  dry,  potassium 
nitrate  with  small  doses  of  tartar  emetic  can  be  given  in  the  drink- 
ing-water two,  three,  or  four  times  a  day. 

Bland  food  should  be  given,  and  food  that  is  easily  digested, 
especially  when  the  fever  is  high.  Bran  mashes,  or  a  layer  of  oats 
and  bran  with  a  pinch  of  salt,  and  hot  water,  often  tempts  these 
animals  to  try  to  eat. 

Be  sure  that  the  manger  is  perfectly  clean;  have  it  washed 
out  thoroughly,  as  it  may  contain  food  wet  with  the  discharge  from 
the  throat.  It  is  well  to  feed  these  animals  out  of  a  clean  pail  and 
tempt  them  to  eat. 

CHEONIC  LAEYNGITIS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Chronic  sore  throat. 

Define  chronic  laryngitis. 

It  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
larynx,  with  an  involvement  of  the  submucous  tissue,  characterized 
by  a  persistent  cough. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  mucous  membrane  is  more  or  less  coated  with  mucus  or 
pus.  The  membrane  is  darker  in  color,  often  a  grayish-red  or  a 
bluish  tint,  due  to  the  ecchymosis;  the  membrane  may  be  softer 
or  firmer  than  normal,  and  the  mucous  glands  are  more  or  less 
large  and  prominent,  with  a  thickening  of  the  submucous  tissue. 
If  the  membrane  of  the  trachea  is  involved,  it  becomes  reddened 
over  the  rings  and  darker  or  grayish  in  between. 


120  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  causation? 

It  may  occur  as  a  primary  disease  or  as  the  result  of  several 
acute  attacks;  or,  again,  it  may  be  the  sequela  or  an  extension  of 
a  pharyngitis,  or  a  chronic  nasal  catarrh,  or  a  bronchitis. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

They  seem  to  be  altogether  local,  and  consist  principally  in 
a  hoarse  and  husky  persistent  cough,  the  animal  otherwise  being 
apparently  healthy;  they  eat  well  and  seem  to  feel  well. 

If  the  animal  is  taken  out  of  a  warm  stall  into  the  cooler  air, 
he  coughs  for  a  time,  causing  a  white  mucous  discharge.  There 
is  some  pain  on  pressure  over  the  larynx,  associated  with  coughing; 
there  is  thickening  of  the  mucous  membrane,  with  varicose  veins. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

This  depends  on  the  pathological  changes;  the  prognosis  is 
good  as  regards  life.  These  cases  are  often  hard  to  cure,  especially 
in  old  animals. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

The  treatment  should  be  both  constitutional  and  local,  and  is 
about  the  same  as  for  an  acute  case.  The  cough  may  be  quieted 
by  giving  sodium  bromide,  or  a  solution  of  morphine,  or  bella- 
donna, or  cocaine. 

Locally,  counter-irritation  may  be  of  service;  also,  astringent 
gargles.  Swabbing  out  throat  with  astringent  or  slight  caustic 
solutions. 

LAEYNGEAL  (EDEMA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

CEdematous  laryngitis,  dropsy  of  larynx,  oedema  of  the  glottis 
(incorrectly  so  called). 

Give  a  definition  of  this  affection. 

It  is  a  term  used  to  indicate  the  occurrence  of  a  dropsical 
effusion  or  an  inflammatory  exudation  into  the  areolar  tissue  be- 
neath the  laryngeal  membrane.  It  is  really  not  an  oedema  of  the 
glottis,  but  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  larynx. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

The  effusion  is  generally  of  a  serous  or  sero-purulent  character, 
and  is  found  in  the  loose  cellular  tissue  beneath  the  mucous  mem- 


/ 


DISEASES   OF    THE  RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  121 

brane,  principally  at  the  base  of  the  epiglottis,  which  is  usually 
swollen  a  great  deal. 

The  mucous  membrane  may  be  red  or  pale;  the  effusion  may 
be  on  one  or  both  sides,  in  some  cases  interfering  very  materially 
with  the  entrance  of  air. 

Give  the  causes. 

It  generally  follows  an  acute  case  of  laryngitis  or  pharyngitis, 
or  it  may  be  associated  with  blood  diseases,  as  purpura  hajmor- 
rhagica,  glanders,  pneumonia,  or  pleurisy.  The  swallowing  of  irri- 
tants, or  injuries  may  be  a  cause. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  and  what  are  the  symptoms  ? 

It  may  show  itself  suddenly.  The  most  prominent  symptom  is 
dyspnoea,  and  the  difficulty  seems  to  be  confined  to  inspiration  at 
first.  There  is  not  much  difficulty  in  swallowing,  nor  is  there 
much  pain  on  pressure  over  that  region.  There  does  not  seem  to 
be  much  fever  or  other  constitutional  symptoms  accompanying 
laryngitis. 

The  breathing  becomes  noisy  or  difficult,  there  is  an  anxious 
--look,  the  eye  becomes  prominent,  there  are  cold  sweats,  the  animal 
becomes  uneasy,  and  fits  of  coughing  may  be  present. 

There  is  a  swelling  of  the  neck  over  that  region,  and  if  the 
hand  is  introduced  into  the  fauces  the  oedematous  condition  may 
be  felt. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

The  prognosis  should  always  be  guarded,  governed  largely  by 
the  cause  of  the  oedema.  Aseptic  tracheotom}-,  strict  hygienic 
measures,  careful  nursing,  and  judicious  nourishment  will  save  the 
majority  of  cases. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

The  object  is  to  prevent  suffocation,  and  there  is  not  much 
time  to  be  lost;  the  trachea  should  be  opened  at  once. 

Stimulants  are  usually  indicated;  also  diuretics  and  ab- 
sorbents. 

ROARIXG. 
Give  the  synonyms. 

Chronic  whistling,  laryngeal  hemiplegia,  stenosis  of  the 
trachea,  laryngismus  paralyticus. 


122  PRACTICE   OP   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  understood  by  the  term  "roaring"? 

It  is  a  symptom  of  a  diseased  condition  of  part  of  tlie  respira- 
tory tract,  cliaracterized  by  an  abnormal  sound  heard  during  tlie 
act  of  respiration,  and  at  a  variable  distance  from  the  patient. 

Give  the  causes. 

In  the  majority  of  cases  it  is  caused  by  an  atrophy  and  a 
degeneration  of  the  dilator  muscles  of  the  glottis — the  posterior 
crico-arytenoid  muscles.  All  these  muscles  are  innervated  by  the 
inferior  laryngeal  nerve,  which  is  a  branch  of  the  pneumogastric. 
One  of  these  nerves  often  loses  its  influence,  becoming  paralyzed 
and  undergoing  fatty  degeneration. 

The  left  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve  runs  through  a  bunch  of 
lymphatic  glands,  which  often  become  enlarged  and  press  on  the 
nerve.  The  left  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve,  being  more  superficial, 
is  thus  more  liable  to  injuries;  other  than  this,  it  is  hard  to  tell 
why  the  left  side  is  more  frequently  affected.  The  dilators  undergo 
fatty  degeneration,  and,  the  air  striking  the  vocal  cords,  causes 
vibration  of  them,  and  thus  produces  the  sound.  Some  authors 
claim  the  healthy  cord  is  thrown  into  vibration,  thus  causing  the 
sound. 

It  may  depend  on  tumors  in  the  nose,  a  thickening  of  the 
mucous  membrane,  fracture  of  the  cartilage  of  the  trachea.  In 
some  cases  fibrous  bands  have  been  found;  tumors  in  the  chest 
also  produce  this  sound;  alteration  in  the  shape  of  the  trachea, 
the  result  of  high  checking,  or  traumatisms. 

Hereditary  tendency  comes  into  play;  the  horses  with  Roman 
noses  and  long,  thin  necks  seem  to  be  more  predisposed  than  the 
others;  also,  those  of  a  lymphatic  disposition,  which  are  liable  to 
lymphatic  disorders,  and  in  this  way  causing  pressure  on  the  nerve. 

How  is  roaring  diagnosed  ? 

There  are  two  degrees  of  the  sound  produced,  which  differ  in 
tone  and  quality.  When  it  is  liigh  pitched  it  is  called  wliistUng,  and 
the  animal  is  known  as  a  whistler;  when  it  is  of  a  loiu  pitch  it  is 
called  roaring,  and  the  animal  is  called  a  roarer.  Percival  experi- 
mented on  these  cases,  and  found  that  the  greater  the  constriction 
the  more  high-pitched  the  sound. 

The  best  way  to  detect  these  cases  is  to  give  the  animal  a 
sharp  gallop,  and  especially  up  grade  (as  up  a  hill),  and  then,  having 
the  animal  stop  suddenly,  listen  to  his  breathing;    or  back  the 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  123 

animal  down  a  run,  and  if  he  is  a  whistler  he  will  show  it.  Drawing 
heavy  loads,  especially  in  mud  or  snow,  will  often  cause  the  sound 
to  be  heard.  In  some  cases  the  sound  can  be  detected  by  ausculta- 
tion over  the  trachea  when  the  horse  is  at  rest. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Depends  a  gi-cat  deal  on  the  cause;  the  prognosis  is  usually 
grave  as  regards  a  cure. 

In  some  few  cases  relief  may  be  afforded  and  the  animal  able 
to  do  slow,  easy  work.    The  disease  is  slow  in  its  course. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Tracheotomy  or  laryngotomy  may  be  resorted  to,  but  the  tubes, 
being  foreign  bodies,  produce  a  great  deal  of  inconvenience;  again, 
the  air  enters  directly  into  the  lungs,  possibly  filled  with  dust,  etc., 
and  is  not  heated. 

Sometimes  blistering  is  used;  also,  electricity  and  strychnine; 
but  there  seems  to  be  no  satisfactory  way  of  treating  this  trouble. 

If  tubes  are  put  in  permanently,  they  have  to  be  taken  out 
every  three  or  four ,  weeks  or  of tener,  the  parts  and  tubes  thor- 
oughly cleansed,  and  the  same  or  another  tube  replaced. 

A  resection  of  the  vocal  cords,  called  arytenectonuj,  has  been 
resorted  to  and  has  met  with  varying  success. 

4.     DISEASES   OF   THE   BRONCHI. 

BRONCHITIS. 

Define  bronchitis. 

Bronchitis  is  essentially  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  larynx,  trachea,  and  bronchial  tubes  (the  large  or 
small). 

What  are  the  forms  of  bronchitis  ? 

Clinically  and  pathologically,  l)ronchitis  in  the  horse  may  be 
divided  into  acute  catarrhal  bronchitis  of  the  large  tubes, 

CHRONIC  catarrhal  BRONCHITIS,  ACUTE  CAPILLARY  BRONCHITIS, 
BRONCHIECTASIS. 


124  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


ACUTE  CATAEEHAL  BEONCHITIS. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Bronchial  catarrh,  cold  on  the  chest. 

What  is  acute  catarrhal  bronchitis  ? 

It  is  an  acute  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane 
lining  the  larger  and  middle-sized  bronchial  tubes. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

The  pathology  does  not  differ  very  materially  in  any  of  the 
forms — that  is,  whether  the  larger  or  the  smaller  tubes  are  af- 
fected. As  a  rule,  it  does  not  originate  in  the  tubes  themselves,  it 
probably  being  a  continuation  of  an  inflammation  of  some  of  the 
adjacent  structures. 

The  mucous  membrane  becomes  reddened  and  swollen,  either 
uniformly  so  or  in  patches,  and  dry;  soon  the  tubes  contain  a  clear, 
transparent  mucus,  which,  after  a  time,  becomes  opaque,  whitish, 
yellowish,  or  even  greenish  in  color,  changing  according  to  the 
amount  of  pus-cells  that  are  present.  As  a  rule,  the  tubes  on  both 
sides  seem  to  be  equally  affected. 

What  are  the  causes? 

It  may  be  the  result  of  debility,  constitutional  diseases,  sudden 
changes  in  the  atmosphere,  inhalations  of  impure  air,  irritating 
gases,  etc.,  chillings  of  the  skin,  foreign  bodies  in  the  bronchial 
tubes,  improper  drenching. 

It  may  be  associated  or  secondary  to  other  diseases,  as  influ- 
enza, glanders,  pneumonia,  or  it  may  be  caused  by  micro-organisms. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

At  the  onset  it  may  be  marked  by  coryza,  sore  throat,  and  with 
shiverings;  as  the  disease  develops,  the  pulse  becomes  frequent, 
soft,  and  weak,  but  quick;  there  is  a  high  fever,  the  temperature 
ranging  generally  between  105°  and  106°  F.;  the  respirations  are 
quickened  and  more  or  less  difficult. 

There  is  more  or  less  interference  with  the  appetite,  there  is 
thirst,  the  visible  mucous  membranes  are  reddened,  there  is  a  les- 
sening of  the  secretions  and  excretions,  the  urine  being  high- 
colored  and  scanty. 

The  cough  which  is  present  seems  to  be  the  essential  feature 


DISEASES   OF  THE  RESPIRATORY    SYSTEM.  125 

of  the  disease;  at  firsi  it  is  dry,  hard,  and  hacking  in  character; 
after  a  day  or  two  the  cough  becomes  looser  and  is  accompanied 
by  an  expectoration,  which  consists  of  a  frothy  mucus,  having  a 
yellowish  color,  and  sticky;  this  expectoration  gradually  becomes 
pus-like.  x\fter  the  expectoration  is  present  the  animal  seems 
somewhat  relieved. 

What  are  the  physical  signs? 

In  the  milder  forms  of  acute  bronchial  catarrh,  where  the 
larger  tubes  are  affected,  there  may  be  no  special  physical  signs 
which  can  be  appreciated.  The  more  severe  forms  are  attended 
by  physical  signs  that  can  be  readily  recognized. 

In  the  majority  of  cases,  on  iivspection  and  palpation,  there  is 
nothing  to  be  appreciated.  On  percussion  the  sounds  are  normal 
in  the  majority  of  cases;  on  account  of  the  thickness  of  the  skin 
and  the  hair  we  are  unable,  in  the  horse,  to  appreciate  any  change. 
On  auscultation  we  find  the  respiratory  murmur  feeble  or  somewhat 
harsh  in  character.  In  the  dry  stage  sibilant  and  sonorous  rales  can 
be  heard  on  both  sides  of  the  chest.  In  the  second  stage,  or  the 
stage  of  secretion,  moist  rales  (large  and  small)  may  be  heard  on 
both  sides  of  the  chest;  these  moist  rales  come  and  go,  on  account 
of  the  mucus  changing  its  position;  and,  after  a  violent  fit  of  cough- 
ing, they  may  disappear  temporarily. 

The  auscultatory  sounds  may  be  absent  at  times,  so  that  their 
absence  does  not  signify  that  the  disease  is  not  present. 

How  is  the  disease  diagnosed  ? 

Mostly  by  the  physical  signs  applied  to  both  sides  of  the  chest; 
on  percussion,  no  appreciable  change;  on  auscultation,  sibilant 
and  sonorous  rales  in  the  first  stage,  and  mucous  rales  (large  and 
small)  in  the  second  stage;  also,  the  cough  and  fever  aid  us  as 
well  as  the  absence  of  signs  of  pneumonia  or  pleurisy. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

It  is  generally  good  if  not  complicated. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

General  and  local  treatment  is  required. 

Avoid  depleting  measures,  as  a  rule;  stimulation  is  recom- 
mended; try  to  aid  discharge  from  mucous  membrane  by  inhala- 
tions. 


126  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Early  sedatives  or  opiates  may  be  of  benefit  in  some  cases,  while 
in  others  carbonate  of  ammonia  (stimulating  expectorant)  or  the 
muriate  or  chloride  of  ammonia. 

Camphor  with  ammonium  carbonate  is  often  good.  Tartar 
emetic  in  dry  stage  is  indicated,  as  it  hastens  secretion.  Powdered 
digitalis  with  ammonium  carbonate  are  beneficial  where  heart  is 
irregular. 

If  loss  of  appetite,  try  to  stimulate  it  with  nux  vomica,  gentian, 
etc.,  added  to  pills;  or,  better,  doses  of  the  tincture  of  nux  vomica 
for  its  bitter  effect.    Alcohol  or  whiskey  and  quinine  in  some  cases. 

Local  Treatment. — Counter-irritation.  Mustard  recommended 
by  some,  but  it  seems  to  be  going  out  of  date — irritates  too  much. 
Oiled  silk  applied  around  the  chest  and  retained  there  by  means  of 
a  sixteen-foot  flannel  bandage  is  probably  the  best  form  of  counter- 
irritation;  the  silk,  being  impervious  to  air,  keeps  up  a  constant 
sweating,  which  has  a  continuous  and  mild  rubefacient  effect. 

Soap  liniment,  with  the  addition  of  two  ounces  of  tincture 
of  opium,  rubbed  in  well,  is  often  beneficial. 

In  some  cases  enemas  of  water  are  recommended. 

Put  the  animal  in  a  box-stall  having  a  temperature  of  about 
60"  to  65°  F.  (No  drafts,  but  pure  air.)  Blanket  the  animal,  give 
the  extremities  a  good  hand-rubbing,  and  apply  bandages. 

Potassium  nitrate  in  drinking-water  makes  a  cooling  drink 
and  relieves  the  fever. 

If  the  animal  does  not  eat  well  or  if  the  heart  is  weak,  alcohol 
or  whiskey  may  be  substituted  in  the  drinking-water. 

Food. — The  animal  should  be  fed  on  bran  mashes,  grass,  car- 
rots, apples,  or,  in  some  cases,  steamed  oats. 


CHRONIC  BRONCHITIS. 

Give  the  definition. 

It  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  lining 
the  larger  and  middle-sized  bronchial  tubes,  characterized  by  a 
cough. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

The  mucous  membrane  shows  a  variety  of  changes,  depending 
on  the  disease  with  which  it  is  associated;    sometimes  it  is  thin. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   KESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  127 

the  elastic  tissue  being  prominent,  the  tubes  dilated,  the  glands 
atrophied,  and  a  wasting  of  the  muscular  tissue. 

In  other  cases  the  mucous  membrane  is  thick,  granular,  and 
infiltrated,  and  may  show  erosions.  The  mucous  membrane  is 
generally  of  a  dull  red  color,  with  the  veins  dilated  and  varicosed. 

Give  the  causation. 

It  is  seen  more  frequently  in  old  animals,  and  due  to  repeated 
attacks  of  the  acute  form;  it  may  be  secondary  to  chronic  lung  dis- 
eases, as  emphysema,  or  in  chronic  heart  troubles,  where  the  blood 
is  backed  up  in  the  lungs,  causing  an  irritation  to  the  bronchial 
mucous  membrane.  It  is  also  seen  in  renal  diseases.  It  may  be 
of  specific  origin. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

There  is  a  distressing  cough,  with  a  thick  or  thin  whitish 
or  yellowish-white  expectoration,  aggravated  during  changeable 
weather. 

In  old  animals,  suffering  from  heart  disease  or  pulmonary 
emphysema,  there  is  an  alteration  of  the  respiration;  the  animal 
puffs,  especially  on  exertion,  as  the  pulling  of  heavy  loads  or  in 
going  up  hill.  As  a  rule,  there  is  no  rise  of  temperature,  except, 
possibly,  a  degree  or  two  at  the  beginning  or  increase  of  the  attack. 

Give  the  physical  signs. 

The  chest  may  be  somewhat  distended  and  the  movements 
limited. 

Percussion  shows  a  clear  or  increased  resonance. 

Auscultation  shows  the  expiration  somewhat  prolonged  and 
wheezing;  rales  may  be  heard,  varying  in  character,  some  being 
high-pitched,  others  low,  and  some  mucous  rales. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  hard  to  cure,  as  a  rule,  and  can  only  be  relieved.  It  is 
apt  to  become  exaggerated  during  changeable  weather. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

This  depends  largely  on  the  complications  present;  a  change 
of  air  is  often  beneficial  where  the  attack  is  prolonged;  in  the  city 
send  horses  to  the  country. 

If  there  is  excessive  secretion,  muriate  of  ammonia  and  senega, 
or  the  iodide  of  potassium  with  nitric  acid,  is  often  good. 


128  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Turpentine,  given  in  small  doses,  say  fifteen  to  thirty  minims 
in  alcohol.  The  tincture  ferri  muriatis  checks  the  secretion  and 
tones  up  the  heart  and  muscles  of  bronchial  tubes. 

Zinc  is  indicated  to  stop  excessive  secretion  from  the  bronchial 
mucous  membrane;  it  seems  to  enter  into  chemical  combination 
with  pus.    It  diminishes  the  cough. 

Stimulating  expectorants  are  generally  contra-indicated. 

If  the  heart  is  feeble,  digitalis  and  strychnine,  balsam  of  Peru, 
or  tolu.    Inhalations  of  eucalyptus,  tar,  sulphur,  juniper  berry,  etc. 

Carbolic-acid  gargles  are  often  good,  especially  if  there  is  any 
odor  to  the  discharge. 

Counter  irritation,  as  blister  to  the  chest,  may  be  useful  in 
some  cases. 

BRONCHIECTASIS. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  cylindrical  or  saccular  dilatation  of  the  bronchial 
tubes. 

Name  the  causes. 

This  may  be  the  result  of  chronic  bronchitis  or  from  inflam- 
mations of  various  sorts;  aneurisms,  pressure,  pleuritic  adhesions 
are  among  the  causes. 

What  are  the  most  important  symptoms  ? 

There  is  a  paroxysmal  cough,  especially  on  a  change  of  posi- 
tion, as  the  animal  standing  up  after  being  in  a  recumbent  position 
for  a  time. 

There  are  no  characteristic  symptoms,  and  the -condition  is 
hard  to  diagnose. 

It  is  seen  more  in  the  bovine  species,  and  is  often  mistaken 
for  tuberculosis,  as  earthy  deposits  may  take  place  in  the  bronchial 
tubes,  which  show  dulness  on  percussion,  and  thus  the  liability  to 
the  mistake. 

Is  there  any  treatment  ? 

This  is  probably  only  interesting  to  us  on  post  mortem,  as  not 
very  much  can  be  done  for  these  cases. 

Treat  symptomatically  as  the  case  requires. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  129 


PULMOXARY  CONGESTION. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Hyperaemia  of  the  lungs,  congestion  of  the  lungs. 

Define  the  same. 

It  is  an  increase  in,  or  an  abnormal  fulness  of,  the  capillaries 
of  the  air-cells. 

Name  the  forms. 

There  are  two  forms — the  active  and  the  passive. 

ACTIVE  CONGESTION   OF  THE  LUNGS. 

Active  f,uxion  of  the  lungs  occurs  where  the  heart's  action  is 
increased;  over-exertion,  or  the  breathing  of  hot  or  cold  air  or  irri- 
tating gases. 

Usually  seen  late  in  the  fall,  where  the  horse  has  been  standing 
in  the  stable  for  some  time,  fed  well,  and  taken  out  for  a  spin  up 
the  road  and  driven  at  a  lively  gait;  the  first  snow-storm,  when 
the  animal  is  taken  out  and  made  to  go  fast. 

Active  congestion  is  also  seen  in  draft  horses,  especially  green 
horses,  in  the  summer-time,  during  hot  weather,  where  the  animals 
are  forced  and  overworked. 

A  horse  taken  on  trial,  where  they  want  to  test  him,  and  thus 
overload  and  over-drive  the  animal. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

Of  the  active  form,  there  are  no  positive  symptoms. 

Congestion  being  the  first  stage  of  all  respiratory  inflamma- 
tions, it  may  be  succeeded  by  pneumonia,  bronchitis,  pleurisy,  etc. 

A  chill  may  be  present  at  the  onset,  followed  by  a  rise  of  tem- 
perature, which  varies  from  103°  to  105°  F.;  the  respirations  are 
rapid — inspiration  and  expiration  become  difficult,  and  a  cough 
is  often  present;  the  pulse  is  weak  and  debilitated  (an  obstructive 
pulse).    The  ears  and  extremities  are  often  cold  to  the  feel. 

Give  the  physical  signs. 

They  are  not  positive;  on  percussion,  resonance;  on  ausculta- 
tion, undetermined  sounds — may  get  a  feeble  or  harsh  breathing. 


130  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

How  is  the  condition  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  by  the  fever,  the  condition 
and  age  of  the  animal. 


PASSIVE   CONGESTION  OE   THE  LUNGS. 

This  is  where  there  is  some  obstruction  in  the  blood-vessels 
to  the  outflow  of  blood,  with  the  result  of  a  damming  back  of  blood 
into  the  vessels  of  the  lungs. 

Name  the  forms. 

Two  forms  are  recognized — mechanical  and  hypostatic. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

The  mechanical  form  is  caused  by  some  obstruction  to  the 
return  flow  of  blood  to  the  heart,  and  is  seen  in  disease  of  the  left 
side  of  the  heart;   old  horses;   then,  again,  pressure  of  tumors. 

Hypostatic  congestion  is  due  to  both  a  weakened  heart  and  to 
the  lying  in  one  position  for  some  time. 

What  is  seen  on  post  mortem  ? 

The  lungs  are  large,  russet-brown  color,  rather  tough  to  cut 
or  tear. 

On  section,  there  is  a  brown-red  color,  which  brightens  oi;i 
exposure  to  the  air  from  the  oxidation  of  increased  amount  of 
hgemoglobin. 

If  a  post  mortem  is  desired,  turn  the  animal  on  its  back  im- 
mediately after  death,  and  thus  cause  the  blood  to  gravitate  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  lungs,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  examination 
of  the  lower  parts,  which  are  more  usually  afi'ected. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Are  often  vague;  there  is  difficult  breathing,  a  cough,  the 
animal  refuses  to  eat,  the  temperature  varies  from  101°  to  102°  F., 
the  pulse  is  irregular,  and  the  animal  is  usually  old  and  run  down. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

Most  cases  get  well.  Those  associated  with  chronic  heart  dis- 
ease become  relieved  temporarily. 

Be  guarded  with  the  prognosis,  as  the  S3^mptoms  may  hang  on 
three  or  four  days  and  the  animal  die  from  oedema  of  the  lungs. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  KESPIEATORY   SYSTEM.  131 

Give  the  treatment. 

Look  to  the  condition  with  which  the  congestion  is  associated, 
if  any  be  present. 

In  the  active  form,  sedatives,  in  some  few  cases,  may  be  given. 
In  city  practice,  most  cases  require  stimulants,  as  alcohol,  car- 
bonate of  ammonia;  quinine,  belladonna,  and  nux  vomica  are  in- 
dicated. 

Counter-irritation,  as  mustard,  especially  where  the  extremi- 
ties are  cold  and  the  pulse  is  weak.  It  relieves  congestion,  stimu- 
lates the  heart,  and  warms  the  extremities. 

PULMONAKY   (EDE:MA. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

CEdema  of  the  lungs. 

Give  the  definition. 

It  is  an  accumulation  of  serosity  in  the  air-cells  and  bron- 
chioles, characterized  principally  by  dyspnoea. 

It  may  be  a  termination  of  congestion,  or  in  death  from  anae- 
mia, purpura  hasmorrhagica,  diseases  of  the  heart,  or  brain,  or 
lungs;  the  death  rattles  can  be  heard. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  lung  is  heavy,  pits  on  pressure,  looks  watery,  and  a  clear 
serum  flows  from  the  cut  surface,  sometimes  admixed  with  blood. 

A  gelatinous,  infiltrated  appearance  is  present,  and  there  is  an 
increased  tension  in  the  pulmonary  system  and  the  presence  of 
watery  plasma. 

The  blood  backs  up  in  the  lung  capillaries  till  transudation 
takes  place. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

There  is  an  increase  in  the  symptoms  of  the  disease  present, 
whether  of  the  kidneys,  lungs,  heart,  or  a  general  disease.  Dy-spnosa 
increases,  a  painful  cough  is  present,  there  may  be  a  discharge  from 
the  nose  of  a  frothy,  serous  nature.  There  is  an  altered  resonance, 
liquid  rales  are  heard  on  inspiration  and  expiration.  In  inflamma- 
tory oedema  fever  is  present,  and  some  of  the  signs  of  pneumonia. 
.  This  condition  is  seen,  in  man,  with  Bright's  disease;  the 
ankles  swell,  it  travels  up  the  legs  to  the  belly,  and  the  patient  gets 
water-logged  and  dies  from  oedema  of  the  lungs. 


132  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

The  prognosis  is  grave,  these  cases  usually  terminating  in 
death. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

Look  after  the  primary  disease.  Stimulants  are  indicated,  as 
are  diuretics.  Act  on  the  bowels  in  some  cases.  Counter-irritation 
may  be  of  service.  Iodide  of  potassium  or  the  carbonate  of  potas- 
sium can  be  used  in  most  cases. 


BRONCHO-PULMONARY   HEMORRHAGE. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Pulmonary  apoplexy,  pulmonary  hemorrhage,  pneumorrhagia, 
haemoptysis,  bronchorrhagia. 

Define  these  various  terms. 

The  blood  may  come  either  from  the  bronchial  mucous  mem- 
brane or  from  the  air-cells  and  lung  tissue,  or  both,  and  hence  the 
terms. 

Pulmonary  apoplexy,  or  pneumorrliagia,  is  an  effusion  of  blood 
into  the  air-cells  and  interstitial  tissue. 

Hcemoptysis  is  really  a  spitting  of  blood  which  comes  from 
the  bronchial  mucous  membrane  {broncJiorrhagia). 

Give  the  causation. 

Pulmonary  hemorrhage  may  occur  without  any  obvious  cause; 
it  may  occur  in  heart  diseases,  where  the  valves  are  affected;  it  may 
be  associated  with  ulceration  of  the  larynx,  trachea,  with  glanders, 
purpura  hsemorrhagica,  gangrene,  or  mechanical  injuries.  It  may 
be  due  to  aneurism,  thrombus,  embolus. 

The  infarctions  in  the  lungs  are  wedge-shape,  with  the  base 
situated  at  the  surface  of  the  lung  and  the  apex  toward  the  centre. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

Of  pulmonary  liemorrliage,  the  symptoms  are  often  uncertain. 

If  the  part  involved  is  large,  there  may  be  signs  of  consolida- 
tion associated  with  blowing  respiration.  Auscultation  may  show 
large  bubbling  rales. 

The  animal  may  become  nervous,  restless,  cough,  sweat  freely, 
and  show  varying  symptoms  of  hemorrhage;    if  it  becomes  pro- 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  133 

fuse,  the  pulse  becomes  thready,  the  mucous  membrane  pale,  the 
extremities  cold. 

Hcrmoptysk  comes  on  suddenly,  possibly  after  a  hard  drive; 
the  animal  coughs,  blood  comes  from  the  nose  and  mouth,  which 
may  be  only  an  oozing  or  a  sufficient  quantity  to  produce  death  by 
suffocation.     It  is  a  frothy,  bloody  discharge. 

Blood  coming  from  the  lungs  is  generally  alkaline  in  reaction, 
frothy,  mixed  with  mucus. 

Blood-clots  may  be  seen,  the  shape  of  the  smaller  bronchial 
tubes;  bubbles  are  frequently  present  in  the  blood-clots. 

The  owner  becomes  alarmed,  but  there  is  no  immediate  dan- 
ger, except,  possibly,  where  there  is  an  aortic  aneurism. 

Outline  the  treatment  of  broncho-pulmonary  hemorrhage. 

Before  treating,  we  should  look  to  our  physiology;  it  tells 
us  that  the  pressure  within  the  pulmonary  artery  is  less  than  that 
of  the  aortic  sj'stem. 

Experimentally,  with  drugs,  we  find  that  an  influence  may 
be  made  on  the  blood-pressure  of  the  system,  without  affecting  the 
pulmonary  circida t ion. 

Ergot  causes  a  rise  of  blood-pressure  in  the  pulmonary  artery, 
while  aconite  produces  a  fall  of  blood-pressure. 

Iron  preparations  are  good. 

The  indications  are  to  reduce  the  frequency  of  the  heart-beat 
and  to  lower  blood-pressure. 

Perfect  rest  and  light  feeding  are  important. 

Alcohol  is  contra-indicated,  as  a  rule,  as  is  digitalis  and  ergot. 

Sulphuric  acid  in  small  doses — one-half  ounce — may  be  bene- 
ficial. 

Opium  relieves  the  cough  and  gives  beneficial  results  in  these 
cases,  as  it  slows  the  heart's  action. 

Aconite  is  good  where  there  is  much  vascular  excitement,  as  it 
lowers  blood-pressure. 

Purgation  is  beneficial  for  the  same  reason. 

The  danger  is  the  filling  up  of  the  bronchial  system  with  blood, 
so  that  in  these  cases  cough  should  be  encouraged  and  not  stopped. 

Locally,  cold  applications  to  chest. 

Inhalations  of  vapor  of  vinegar. 


134  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


PNEUMONIA. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Lung  fever. 

Give  the  forms. 

(1)  Lobar,  where  the  lobes  of  the  lungs  are  affected;  (2)  lob- 
ular, where  the  lobules  of  the  lungs  are  the  seat;  (3)  intersti- 
tial, where  the  connective  tissue  is  involved. 

ACUTE    LOBAE    PNEUMONIA. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Croupous  pneumonia;  fibrinous  pneumonia;  pulmonitis;  pneu- 
monitis;  commonly  called  lung  fever. 

The  term  "  pneumonia  "  alone  is  usually  used  to  indicate  this 
form. 

Define  acute  lobar  pneumonia. 

It  is  an  acute,  general,  infectious  disease,  characterized  by  a 
local  inflammation  of  the  vesicular  structures  of  the  lungs,  with 
an  exudation  into  their  alveoli  which  renders  them  impermeable 
to  air,  together  with  a  general  systemic  disturbance  of  varying  in- 
tensity produced  by  toxines. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  said  to  be  caused  by  germs — by  the  micrococcus  lanceola- 
tus,  diplococcus  pneumonice,  jmeumococcus. 

This  form  of  pneumonia  is  seen  among  young  and  vigorous 
animals — those  that  are  well  nourished,  apparently  in  good  health 
and  in  active  use. 

Changes  in  the  temperature,  irritating  gases,  when  breathed; 
also,  mechanical  bodies  in  the  bronchial  tubes  or  medicines  poured 
into  the  trachea  favor  its  development;  also  external  burns  over 
a  large  space;  traumatisms  (horses  run  into  with  a  pole  or  shaft, 
which  strikes  between  the  ribs);  in  other  cases  no  cause  can  be 
attributed.  In  man,  one  attack  predisposes  another,  but  it  does 
not  seem  to  be  the  rule  in  our  animals. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

For  study,  pneumonia  has  been  divided  into  three  stages: 
(1)  The  stage  of  congestion,  (2)  the  stage  of  red  Jiepaiization, 
(3)  the  stage  of  gray  liepatization. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  135 

First  Stage. — Congestion,  engorgement,  or  hijpercemia. 

Usually  the  antero-inferior  part  of  the  lung  is  involved,  the 
disease  extending  upward  and  backward. 

The  lung  is  of  a  deep-red  color,  somewhat  firm  to  the  feel, 
and  more  solid;  it  crepitates  somewhat,  floats  in  water,  but  not  as 
well  as  normally. 

On  section,  the  surface  exudes  a  thin,  albuminous,  and  bloody 
fluid. 

Second  Stage. — Exudation  or  red  hepatization. 

The  lungs  look  somewhat  like  liver  tissue. 

If  you  open  the  thorax,  the  lungs  look  swollen;  they  do  not 
collapse,  and  often  the  markings  of  the  ribs  can  be  seen. 

The  lung  is  solid,  does  not  contain  air,  and  sinks  immediately 
if  thrown  in  water. 

The  air-cells  are  filled  up  by  the  exudation,  which  consists 
of  a  viscid,  fibrinous  fluid,  mixed  with  red  and  white  cells,  which 
rapidly  coagulates,  enclosing  the  corpuscles  and  completely  filling 
the  alveoli. 

On  section,  the  surface  is  dry,  of  a  reddish -brown  color,  and 
granular. 

The  exudate  becomes  prominent,  sticks  out,  and  gives  this 
granular  appearance. 

The  lung  tissue  is  very  easily  torn;  the  finger  can  be  thrust 
into  it,  and  it  tears  readily. 

Hepatization  is  not  general  over  the  lung;  it  usually  consti- 
tutes one-third  or  one-half  of  one  lung. 

Some  few  cases  may  involve  both  lungs,  when  it  is  called 
double  or  bilateral  pneumonia. 

Most  cases  are  unilateral — that  is,  a  part  of  one  lung  being 
involved. 

Third  Stage. — Gray  hepatization,  resolution. 

There  is  no  line  of  demarcation  between  the  second  and  third 
stages;  the  change  is  more  or  less  gradual  from  a  red-brown  color 
to  a  grayish  white. 

The  surface  is  more  moist,  the  lung  is  more  friable,  the  plugs 
of  exudation  are  less  distinct,  the  lungs  present  a  marbled  appear- 
ance, there  being  less  red  blood-cells  and  fibrine,  and  more  leuco- 
cytes.   The  lung  does  not  crepitate,  sinking  immediately  in  water. 

If  resolution  is  retarded,  part  of  the  exudation  undergoes  pu- 
rulent transformation,  the  color  changes  to  a  greenish  yellow,  pus- 


136  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

cells  are  formed,  and  the  part  becomes  a  soft  granular  or  fatty 
mass. 

What  are  the  terminations  of  pneumonia  ? 

Pneumonia  may  end  either  in  resolution,  production,  or  de- 
struction. 

Resolution  is  where  the  exudation  undergoes  liquefaction  and 
becomes  absorbed;  the  cellular  elements  become  fatty  and  the 
greater  part  absorbed,  very  little  being  expectorated. 

By  resolution  the  lungs  return  to  their  normal  condition,  this 
being  the  most  frequent  termination  and  the  one  desired. 

In  man,  the  death-rate  is  very  high — probably  one  recovery  out 
of  three  or  four  cases.  Between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and  thirty  years 
the  prognosis  is  good  in  man. 

In  the  horse,  on  the  other  hand,  eight  out  of  ten  recover. 

By  production  we  mean  an  increase  of  tissue,  as  chronic  or  inter- 
stitial pneumonia,  where  there  is  an  increase  of  interstitial  tissue. 

This  is  a  rare  termination  in  the  horse. 

By  destruction,  either  suppuration  or  gangrene  takes  place. 

Where  suppuration  takes  place  or  an  abscess  forms  in  these 
cases,  the  symptoms  do  not  subside,  the  fever  remains  high  or  in- 
creases, there  is  a  loss  of  appetite,  sour  breath,  and  death  from  ex- 
haustion. 

In  gangrene  of  the  lungs  the  circulation  stops  and  putrefactive 
germs  gain  access  to  the  part,  and  the  part  dies. 

There  is  a  fetid  odor  to  the  breath,  gangrenous,  the  respira- 
tions are  rapid,  and  moist  rales  are  heard  on  auscultation,  the  ani- 
mal dying;   heart-failure  may  cause  death. 

What  is  the  duration  of  the  stages  ? 

The  stage  of  congestion,  one  to  three  days;  the  stage  of  red 
hepatization,  from  three  to  seven  or  eight  days;  the  stage  of  resolu- 
tion, from  seven  or  eight  days  to  three  weeks. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  pneumonia  ? 

It  is  generally  ushered  in  with  a  chill,  with  muscular  trembling, 
coldness  of  the  extremities,  etc.    May  be  slight  or  severe  chill. 

The  chill  is  followed  by  febrile  symptoms,  skin  hot,  with  a 
marked  rise  of  temperature  in  the  early  stages,  it  being  105°  or 
106°  F.    It  may  drop  somewhat  when  the  exudation  is  poured  out. 

There  is  an  increased  frequency  of  the  pulse,  which  may  be 


DISEASES   OF   THE  KESPIKATOKY   SYSTEM.  137 

50  or  60,  anrl  is  nsnally  full  and  bounding  at  first.  The  ratio  be- 
tween the  pulse  and  respiration  is  lost. 

Respirations  are  accelerated  at  first;  the  nostrils  dilate  with 
each  inspiration. 

The  mucous  membranes  are  congested,  sometimes  cyanotic. 
The  conjunctiva  should  be  examined  in  suspected  cases,  as  it  may 
assume  a  yellowish  color  (Jaundiced). 

There  is  a  tendency  to  remain  standing;  the  horse  does  not, 
as  a  rule,  lie  down  until  the  crisis.  When  they  lie  down,  they  do 
so  from  weakness  or  toward  the  end,  and  on  the  diseased  side. 
When  they  lie  down  late,  it  is  a  more  favorable  symptom. 

There  is  a  loss  of  appetite,  more  or  less,  thirst  is  increased, 
and  the  secretions  diminished.  The  urine  is  high-colored  and 
scanty;   constipation  is  usually  present. 

Cough  frequent,  short,  shallow,  and  restrained.  Dry  at  first; 
later,  moist. 

If  laryngitis,  bronchitis,  or  pleurisy  be  present,  they  may  cough. 

In  the  human  subject  the  prune-Juice  expectoration  is  seen 
in  some  cases;  this  discharge  is  often  present  in  the  horse,  and  al- 
though it  is  not  necessarily  fatal,  it  usually  shows  a  severe  form 
of  the  disease. 

In  the  severe  cases  the  conjunctiva  assumes  a  peculiar  color — 
a  mahogany  color  in  spots,  and  between  these  spots  a  yellowish 
discoloration;  this  condition  may  be  seen  in  colic  and  the  like. 

Certain  nervous  signs  may  be  present;  the  horse  becomes  dull, 
with  an  apparent  headache;  or  in  other  cases,  slight  delirium  may 
be  shown. 

The  crisis  is  usually  the  eighth  day.  It  varies  from  seven  to 
ten  days.    The  temperature  falls  rapidly  in  these  cases. 

In  other  cases  there  may  be  gradual  reduction  of  fever — a  de- 
gree or  so  at  a  time.  An  elevation  of  temperature  at  this  time 
usually  denotes  death  or  an  increase  of  the  disease  {a  relajxse,  as 
we  call  it). 

Give  the  physical  diagnosis. 

In  many  cases  we  do  not  see  pneumonia  in  the  congestive 
stage,  as  when  we  are  called  the  stage  of  hepatization  is  generally 
reached. 

In  the  -first  stage,  or  the  stage  of  congestion,  we  find,  on  ix- 
SPECTiON,  the  movement  less  on  the  affected  side;  on  percussiox, 
no  appreciable  change  is  shown.    Ox  auscultatiox,  crepitant  rales 


138  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

are  heard  only  on  inspiration;  best  heard  at  the  end  of  inspiration; 
these  are  fine,  crackling  sounds,  like  salt  thrown  on  a  fire,  or  like 
the  sound  caused  by  rolling  hair  between  one's  fingers. 

They  are  dry  rales,  and  said  to  be  pathognomonic  of  pneumonia. 
They  are  usually  present  from  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours, 
and  then  pass  away. 

In  the  second  stage,  or  stage  of  red  hepatization,  on  inspection, 
there  is  a  loss  of  the  expansive  powers  of  the  chest  on  affected  side; 
the  respirations  are  panting  in  character;  on  percussion,  there  is 
dulness  on  an  uneven  line  over  the  affected  portion;  on  ausculta- 
tion, in  the  majority  of  cases,  there  is  an  absence  of  all  respiratory 
sounds  (absence  of  the  vesicular  murmur)  over  the  affected  part, 
while  bronchial  breathing  may  be  heard  above. 

In  the  third  stage,  as  resolution  commences,  on  auscultation, 
there  may  be  the  returning  rale,  or  rale  redux  crepitus;  these  moist 
rales  of  all  sizes  are  heard  on  inspiration  and  expiration.  On  per- 
cussion, the  dulness  will  be  found  to  be  getting  less  marked. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  elcA^ation  of  the  temperature,  104°  to  106°  F.;  by  the 
expectoration,  which  is  often  brownish  in  color  {prune-juice  ex- 
pectoration); by  the  crepitant  rales  heard  in  the  first  stage;  by  the 
dulness  on  percussion  over  the  affected  part  (generally  unilateral), 
and  the  loss  of  all  respiratory  sounds  over  the  affected  part  in  the 
second  stage. 

What  other  diseases  may  be  mistaken  for  acute  lobar 
pneumonia  ? 

Acute  bronchitis  and  pleurisy,  principally. 

Give  the  differential  diagnosis  between  acute  bronchitis 
and  acute  lobar  pneumonia. 

Bronchitis  is  a  bilateral  disease,  whereas  pneumonia  is  generally 
unilateral;  in  bronchitis  the  cough  is  accompanied  with  a  whitish 
expectoration,  while  in  pneumonia  it  is  of  a  brownish  color,  as  a  rule. 

In  the  first  stage,  on  auscultation,  in  bronchitis,  sibilant  and 
sonorous  rales  are  heard  on  both  sides  of  the  chest,  while  in  pneu- 
monia crepitant  rales  are  heard  on  one  side  only  in  the  majority 
of  eases. 

Tn  the  second  stage,  percussion  in  bronchitis  yields  resonance 
(both  sides);  in  pneumonia,  dulness  over  the  affected  part  (one  side. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  139 

usually).  Auscultation  in  bronchitis,  large  and  small  mucous 
rales  coming  and  going;  in  pneumonia,  Zass  of  all  sound  over  the 
affected  part. 

In  the  third  stage,  on  auscultation,  vesicular  bronchial  breath- 
ing (respiratory  murmur  harsh);  in  pneumonia,  returning  rales 
{rale  redux) — moist  rales  of  various  sorts. 

What  complications  may  arise  ? 

Most  common  are  pleurisy,  laminitis,  pericarditis,  and  oedema 
of  the  lungs. 

Pleurisy  is  often  a  complication  from  the  start,  and  receives 
the  name  of  pleura-pneumonia  in  these  cases;  where  it  is  only  sec- 
ondary and  a  slight  pleurisy,  it  is  termed  pneumonia  complicated 
with  pleurisy. 

In  other  cases  the  horse  becomes  stiffened  up  (as  we  call  it), 
the  feet  become  hot,  and  there  are  signs  of  laminitis. 

Pericarditis  is  apt  to  set  in  about  the  time  of  crisis. 

The  pulse  becomes  very  rapid  and  feeble,  and  in  some  cases 
we  are  unable  to  count  the  beats.  The  heart-sounds  become 
muflaed,  dyspnoea  is  great,  and  the  physical  signs  are  generally 
difficult  to  make  out. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

This  varies,  eight  or  nine  out  of  every  ten  recovering;  the 
prognosis  depends  on  the  condition  of  the  system  generally;  on  the 
condition  of  the  pulse  (a  strong  pulse  being  favorable);  also  de- 
pends on  the  appetite  (animals  with  a  fairly  good  appetite  gen- 
erally recover;  whereas,  the  total  refusal  of  food  usually  means 
death). 

The  prognosis  also  depends  on  the  heart-clot  forming,  and  on 
a  dilatation  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart,  or  death  may  occur  from 
gradual  heart  failure. 

The  amount  of  lung  tissue  involved  does  not  aid  in  the  prog- 
nosis, except  in  cases  of  double  pneumonia,  where  they  are  apt  to 
die  from  direct  interference  with  the  respiration;  three-fourths  of 
one  lung  may  be  involved,  and  they  recover.  On  the  other  hand, 
one-fourth  may  be  involved,  and  they  die. 

CEdema  may  cause  death  as  well  as  other  complications. 

Outline  the  treatment  of  acute  lobar  pneumonia. 

We  should  remember  that  this  is  a  -self -limited  disease,  which 
runs  its  course  and  is  not  materially  affected  by  the  use  of  drugs; 
we  must  try  to  assist  nature  in  these  cases. 


140  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Many  cases  get  well  without  treatment,  and  probably  other 
cases  die  from  too  much  treatment. 

There  is  tio  specific  treatment,  so  we  should  be  careful  not  to 
use  too  much  medicine;  treat  the  symptoms  as  they  arise,  and 
watch  the  fever  and  the  heart. 

In  the  early  stages,  if  the  animal  be  young  and  plethoric,  use 
sedatives,  as  aconite,  or  veratrum,  or  tartar  emetic;  these  drugs 
lessen  the  number  of  pulsations;  diminish  the  arterial  tension  and 
vascular  excitement,  and  reduce  the  fevers  caused  by  inflammation. 

In  city  practice  we  use  very  little  sedative  treatment;  there 
is  no  set  rule  to  go  by,  except  the  individual  case,  the  condition 
of  the  heart  and  the  temperature  being  the  best  guides.  Sedatives 
are  only  indicated  in  the  first  stages. 

Stimulants  are  usually  given  during  the  second  stage,  as  am- 
monium carbonate  and  alcohol,  etc. 

Care  should  be  used  about  giving  too  much  stimulation;  stim- 
ulants do  not  give  strength  (in  the  way  supposed  by  many),  but 
they  lessen  vital  force;  they  tide  the  patient  over  certain  dangerous 
periods,  and  for  this  reason  do  good. 

If  much  debility  is  present,  with  a  loss  of  appetite,  nux  vom- 
ica, belladonna,  quinine,  and  pepsin  are  beneficial. 

For  the  temperature:  If  the  temperature  be  104°  or  105°  F., 
we  should  not  be  alarmed,  as  the  nature  of  the  disease  requires 
a  certain  amount  of  fever;  but  if  the  temperature  be  106°  F.  or 
over,  we  should  try  to  reduce  it  a  degree  or  two. 

An  important  part  of  the  treatment  is  the  ivatching  of  the  heart. 

The  danger  is  a  dilatation  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart,  with 
the  formation  of  heart-clots  and  death  in  this  way.  Prevent  heart- 
clots  by  giving  more  power  to  that  organ  and  putting  the  blood 
in  such  a  condition  as  to  lessen  its  coagulating  power. 

Alcohol  is  probably  the  best  stimulant  we  have,  and  is  indi- 
cated where  there  is  a  small,  weak,  and  feeble  pulse. 

Give  a  good  dose  and  repeat  every  three,  four,  or  five  hours 
(day  and  night),  according  to  the  indications.  A  convenient  way 
to  administer  the  alcohol  is  in  the  drinking-water;  two  ounces  in 
a  pail  or  part  of  a  pail  of  water.  When  there  is  no  attendant  at  night, 
place  a  full  pail  in  the  horse's  manger,  so  that  stimulation  can  be 
kept  up. 

The  increase  of  the  fever  and  symptoms  toward  evening  causes 
restlessness  which  is  followed  by  exhaustion  after  midnight,  and 
thus  stimulation  is  important  at  this  time  to  prevent  cardiac  failure. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   KESPIRATOHY   SYSTEM.  141 

The  vitality  is  lowest  between  2  and  6  a.m.,  and  highest  between 
8  and  13  a.m. 

Diffusible  stimulants  assist  in  preventing  heart-clots. 

Digitalis  is  good  where  the  heart  is  irregular  and  weak,  but 
has  to  be  used  with  care  and  its  action  watched. 

Cimicifuga  can  be  used  in  some  cases  in  the  place  of  digitalis. 

Strophanthus  is  also  a  drug  indicated  in  some  cases. 

Strychnine  or  nux  vomica  is  also  good  as  a  heart  tonic,  and 
can  be  given  with  strophanthus. 

In  cases  of  sudden  heart  failure,  about  the  timt'  of  crisis,  ether, 
hypodermically,  or  the  use  of  ammonia — the  aromatic  spirits  of 
ammonia  or  carbonate  of  ammonia. 

Nitroglycerine,  given  where  carbonate  of  ammonia  seems  to 
fail;   good  neurotic,  beginning  small  doses. 

Camphor  is  good  in  these  cases;  it  adds  rapidity  and  force 
to  the  heart's  action. 

If  the  cough  be  distressing,  opium  may  be  given  in  an  electuary. 

Muriate  of  iron,  where  low  temperature,  weak  heart;  add  digi- 
talis. 

Drink. — The  animal  should  receive  drinking-water  four,  five, 
or  six  times  a  day,  receiving  small  quantities  at  a  time. 

Potassium  nitrate  may  be  added  to  the  water,  or,  if  indicated, 
five  or  ten  grains  of  tartar  emetic. 

The  Diet. — This  is  very  important,  as  by  the  way  the  animal 
eats  we  are  enabled  to  give  a  fair  prognosis. 

Examine  the  manger  yourself;  have  it  washed  out  while  you 
are  there. 

Take  a  clean  pail  and  let  the  man  make  a  mash,  adding  a  pinch 
of  salt,  and  see  how  the  animal  eats. 

Give  small  quantities  at  a  time,  and  feed  four  or  five  times  a 
day.    If  it  won't  eat  bran,  add  a  few  oats,  making  layers. 

Steamed  oats  may  be  given,  if  the  animal  won't  eat  an}i:hing 
else. 

Grass,  carrots,  apples,  and  the  like. 

Coax  the  animal  to  eat,  as  upon  its  eating  depends,  to  a  great 
extent,  the  successful  issue  of  the  disease. 

LOBULAR   PNEUMONIA. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Broncho-pneumonia;  pneumonia  lobularis;  it  is  sometimes 
called  catarrhal  pneumonia. 


142  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Define  lobular  pneumonia. 

It  is  essentially  an  inflammation  of  the  terminal  bronchi  and 
the  air-cells  which  make  up  a  pulmonary  lobule,  and  thus  the  name 
Iroticho-pneuinonia. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  is  secondary  in  the  great  majority  of  cases.  It  may  be  seen 
in  cases  of  purpura  hsemorrhagica,  glanders,  pyaemia,  and  the  like. 

It  may  arise  from  emboli  in  the  capillaries  of  the  pulmonary 
artery;  these  emboli  are  formed  from  thrombi  which  break  up  and 
get  in  the  circulation  of  the  capillaries  of  the  pulmonary  artery  and 
block  them  up  and  stop  the  circulation. 

Give  the  morbid  anatomy. 

The  pathology  is  about  the  same  as  lobar  pneumonia,  except 
that  the  lobular  structure  is  involved  in  this  disease,  whereas,  in 
lobar  pneumonia,  the  lobes  are  affected. 

It  seems  to  be  restricted  to  certain  spots  or  patches  of  con- 
solidation. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

Most  cases  show  symptoms  of  acute  hronchitis,  and,  by  exten- 
sion, involve  the  air-cells  of  the  lobules;  the  temperature  rises;  the 
respirations  become  accelerated;  a  cough,  which  is  short  and  pain- 
ful, is  present;  the  disease  is  usually  slow  in  its  course,  and  may 
result  in  pulmonary  emphysema  or  in  death,  either  from  oedema  or 
an  extension  of  the  processes. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

There  is,  on  percussion,  dulness  in  patches  over  loth  lungs 
(Mlateral  disease). 

This  condition  is  principally  seen  in  the  horse  on  post  mortem. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

Tonics  and  stimulants  are  useful,  not  forgetting  to  watch  the 
heart.    Give  alcohol,  digitalis,  chloride  of  ammonium,  etc. 
Treat  as  the  symptoms  require. 

CHRONIC  INTERSTITIAL  PNEUMONIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Cirrhosis  of  the  lung;   chronic  pneumonia. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   EESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  143 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  tlie  connective  tissue  of  the 
lungs,  characterized  by  an  increase  of  this  tissue,  whicli  compresses 
the  tissue  proper  and  interferes  with  its  normal  functions. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

This  is  more  frequently  seen  in  cattle  than  in  the  equine  race; 
when  seen,  it  is  usually  unilateral,  the  affected  side  being  somewhat 
sunken. 

If  the  chest  cavity  be  opened,  the  heart  will  be  found  drawn 
toward  the  affected  side;  the  lung  not  affected  becomes  emphy- 
sematous and  enlarged. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

It  may  follow  acute  pneumonia,  or  pleurisy  with  effusion,  which 
causes  compression  of  the  lung. 

It  may  follow  chronic  bronchitis,  with  dilatation  or  emphysema. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

These  vary  according  to  the  complication. 

After  the  symptoms  of  pneumonia,  etc.,  have  subsided,  dul- 
ness  on  percussion  remains;  there  is  a  loss  of  the  respiratory  mur- 
mur, or,  if  bronchial  dilatation  is  present,  there  is  cavernous  or 
amphoric  respiration. 

The  affected  side  is  sunken,  and  not  so  movable. 

Cough  is  present,  and  there  is  some  interference  with  the 
breathing  on  exertion. 

Indicate  the  treatment. 

Look  after  the  general  health  of  the  animal;  give  tonics  and 
absorbents,  the  iodide  of  potassium  being  the  best. 

Good  food,  moderate  exercise  or  work,  and  fresh  air. 

PULMONARY  EMPHYSEMA. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

Emphysema,  heaves,  broken  wind,  chronic  dyspnoea. 

Define  pulmonary  emphysema. 

This  is  a  chronic,  non-febrile,  pulmonary  disease,  with  either  a 
dilatation  or  rupture  of  the  vesicular  structure  of  the  lungs,  and 
characterized  by  a  tlry  ahorlive  cough  and  a  double  expiratory  act. 


144  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Give  the  forms. 

There  are  two  principal  forms — the  vesicular  and  the  interlob- 
ular. 

What  is  the  difference  ? 

The  vesicular  form  is  a  simple  dilatation  of  the  alveoli  and 
lobules,  with  atrophy  of  the  interalveolar  walls,  while  the  intervesic- 
ular  or  iriterstitial  form  is  a  rupture  of  the  walls  of  the  air-cells, 
and  the  air  escapes  into  the  connective  tissue  wliich  binds  the  air- 
cells  together.  There  is  an  increased  intralobular  pressure,  causing 
air  to  gain  entrance  into  the  interlobular  connective  tissue  and  into 
the  lymphatic  spaces. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

In  the  human  subject,  violent  efforts  at  coughing,  where  the 
bronchial  tubes  are  filled  with  mucus. 

Men  who  play  wind  instruments  or  do  heavy  lifting  suffer  with 
emphysema. 

In  the  horse,  rapid  work,  heavy  draft  work,  may  be  a  cause. 

There  is  also  a  hereditary  predisposition,  there  being  a  weak- 
ness in  the  walls  of  the  air-cells. 

An  animal  driven  for  some  distance  at  the  top  of  his  speed 
(he  being  a  willing  horse)  will  overdo  himself,  and  the  residual  air 
has  a  tendency  to  dilate  the  air-cells. 

If  drawing  a  heavy  load,  more  muscular  work  must  be  per- 
formed; this  causes  a  deep  inspiration  and  a  closure  of  the  glottis, 
and  the  air  becomes  heated  and  dilates  and  stretches  the  waDs  of 
the  air-cells. 

Coughing  may  cause  it  also,  but  it  takes  some  time  to  produce 
it  in  this  way. 

The  feeding  of  dusty  or  dirty  hay  or  bulky  food  is  also  said 
to  produce  it;  in  the  country  they  often  feed  dry  hay,  straw,  corn- 
stalks during  the  winter,  and  in  the  spring  the  horse  may  be  heavy. 

It  may  follow  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  etc. 

What  are  the  post-mortem  appearances  ? 

On  opening  the  thorax,  a  striking  difference  in  the  appearance 
of  the  lungs  is  seen;  instead  of  collapsing,  as  they  do  normally,  the 
lungs  remain  full,  and  even,  in  severe  cases,  may  bulge  up,  as  if  they 
were  being  inflated;  tliey  are  soft  and  downy  to  the  feel,  of  a  rosy 
tint,  but  lighter  than  normal;  they  do  not  contain  so  much  blood. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   KESPIKATORY   SYSTEM.  145 

On  palpation  they  have  a  good  deal  of  resistance,  and  pit  some- 
what on  pressure;  they  are  very  light,  and  it'  a  piece  be  cut  oil"  it 
will  float  on  water;  it  crepitates  when  cut.  In  the  anterior,  middle, 
and  posterior  borders,  the  air-cells  are  enlarged. 

If  it  is  the  interlobular  variety  of  emphysema,  elevations  which 
contain  air  can  be  seen  over  the  surface  of  the  lungs;  these  eleva- 
tions are  often  white,  and  old  practitioners  thought  they  were  tuber- 
cles; if  cut,  they  contain  air,  press  on  them,  and  the  air  will  run 
under  the  pleura. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

These  are  very  interesting  for  us,  especially  in  cases  of  exam- 
ination for  soundness,  as  such  horses  are  to  he  considered  unsound. 

The  disease  comes  on  slowly  or  suddenly.  The  derangement 
occurs  in  the  mechanism  of  the  respiratory  movements  which  can 
often  be  detected  by  simple  inspection  of  the  abdominal  walls  in  the 
region  of  the  flank.  The  alteration  is  principally  in  the  expiratory 
movements.  Normally,  there  is  an  inspiration,  an  expiration,  and 
then  a  pause;  in  this  disease,  during  the  expiration  (falling  in  of  the 
hypochondriac  region,  hollowing  of  the  upper  part  of  the  flank), 
there  is  a  short  pause  and  a  secondary  expiratory  movement.  There 
is  a  well-marked  line  or  groove  produced  by  the  muscles  along  the 
abdomen. 

The  double,  or  the  two  movements  in  the  expiratory  act,  is  not 
pathognomonic  of  heaves,  as  it  may  be  seen  in  cases  of  pleurisy  as 
well  as  in  a  rupture  of  the  diaphragm  and  hernia  of  the  intestines 
preceding  death. 

Inspiration  is  difi'erent;  the  ribs  are  elevated  more;  they  seem 
to  turn  on  their  axis;  the  posterior  border  of  the  ribs  turns  upward 
and  outward;  at  the  end  of  expiration  there  is  a  jump  of  the 
abdominal  cavity  in  some  cases;  it  is  a  peculiar  jerky  movement, 
a  falling  back  of  the  intestines;  this  movement  may  be  so  severe 
as  to  cause  a  movement  of  the  animal;  if  the  animal  be  hitched  to 
a  cart,  the  cart  moves. 

In  severe  cases  there  is  a  dilatation  of  the  nostrils,  which  keep 
open  and  do  not  recede;  on  a  frosty  day  the  column  of  air  is  divided, 
or  in  the  summer-time  by  placing  the  hand  to  the  nostril  you  can 
feel  the  interrupted  volume. 

In  other  cases  there  is  a  well-marked  play  of  the  anus;  the 
anus  goes  back  and  forward;  this  is  not  pathognomonic,  as  it  is  also 
seen  in  pleurisy. 


146  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

There  is  also  the  symptom  of  breaking  wind,  a  discharge  of 
flatus  from  the  intestines;  in  some  cases,  when  the  animal  coughs, 
it  is  a  dry  and  abortive  cough;  as  a  rule,  it  is  single,  dry,  smoth- 
ered, and  abortive. 

When  eating  dusty  food,  as  hay  and  the  like,  they  often  have 
a  fit  of  coughing.  If  associated  with  chronic  bronchitis,  a  dis- 
charge is  often  present,  which  is  whitish  in  color. 

On  percussion,  we  have  extra  resonance  or  hyper-resonance; 
in  some  cases  we  cannot  percuss  to  any  advantage  in  this  disease, 
as  the  edges  of  the  lungs  are  affected. 

On  auscultation,  we  find  the  inspiration  very  short;  the  expira- 
tion is  of  longer  duration  and  interrupted,  and,  on  listening,  we 
hear  undetermined  sounds;  as  a  rule,  we  hear  dry  or  moist  rales, 
and  varying  according  to  whether  bronchitis  is  present  or  not. 

How  is  the  disease  diagnosed  ? 

It  ought  to  be  easily  made  out,  as  the  disease  is  non-febrile; 
the  cough,  which  is  single,  dry,  and  abortive;  the  to-and-fro  move- 
ment of  the  anus,  and  the  breaking  of  wind. 

On  inspiration,  we  find  the  chest  somewhat  enlarged,  while  the 
expiratory  act  is  double. 

Absence  of  signs  of  pneumonia,  pleurisy  and  bronchitis,  which 
are  febrile  affections. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

It  is  incurable  in  the  majority  of  cases,  but  many  animals  are 
benefited  very  much  by  special  feeding,  and  by  medicinal  agents. 

First  we  usually  give  a  dose  of  physic — a  purging-ball  of  aloes; 
these  animals  suffer  with  indigestion,  flatulence,  catarrh  of  the  in- 
testines, and  the  like,  and  a  purge  gets  rid  of  this  indigestible  food. 

By  careful  attention  to  the  diet  we  may  lessen  the  symptoms. 

When  it  is  due  to  dry,  dusty  hay,  limit  the  quantity  of  hay  and 
dampen  it  with  water,  or  with  salt-water. 

In  some  cases  wet  the  oats. 

The  medicinal  remedy  is  arsenic.  In  Europe  the  people  eat 
arsenic  in  order  to  enable  them  to  climb  the  mountains  better. 

Arsenic  prevents  destruction  and  elimination  of  the  oxygen 
carriers. 

We  use  arsenic  best  in  the  shape  of  Fowler's  Solution  (liquor 
potassas  arsenitis),  also  called  liquor  potassii  Fowleri;  this  consists 
of  eighty  grains  of  arsenic,  eighty  grains  of  potassium  carbonate. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  147 

and  water  to  make  a  pint;  one  fluid  ounce  can  be  given  as  a  dose, 
and  this  contains  four  (-1)  grains  of  arsenic.  The  dose  of  arsenious 
acid  varies  from  two  to  seven  grains. 

Fowler's  solution  is  colored  with  lavender  to  keep  people  from 
drinking  it  by  mistake;  give  one  ounce  three  times  a  day;  this  will 
often  relieve  some  of  the  most  urgent  symptoms. 

Nux  vomica,  iron,  potassium  iodide,  are  often  beneficial,  as 
are  internal  antiseptics  and  stomachics. 


5.  DISEASES  OF  THE  PLEURA. 

PLEUEISY. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Pleuritis;  inflammation  of  the  pleura. 

Name  the  forms. 

Acute,  subacute,  suppurative,  interstitial. 

Define  the  various  forms. 

Acute  or  plastic  pleurisy  is  a  fibrinous  inflammation  of  the 
pleura,  and  is  the  form  mostly  seen  in  the  dog. 

Subacute,  or  pleurisy  with  effusion,  also  called  sero- fibrinous, 
is  an  inflammatory  process  with  a  large  amount  of  serum.  This 
is  the  form  most  frequently  seen  in  the  horse. 

Suppurative  pleurisy,  or  empycema,  is  where  pus-cells  are 
formed. 

Interstitial,  or  adhesive  pleurisy,  or  chronic  pleurisy,  is  where 
new  connective-tissue  formations  take  place. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

Pleurisy  is  not  infrequently  met  with  in  the  young  green 
horses,  in  the  dealers'  stables.  The  dealers  probably  lose  more 
from  pleurisy  than  any  other  disease — that  is,  as  complications  from 
other  diseases. 

Pleurisy  is  one  of  the  most  fatal  diseases  affecting  the  equine 
race. 

It  arises  from  traumatic  injuries,  a  wound  penetrating  the 
muscles  in  the  intercostal  spaces,  or  it  may  be  secondary  to  other 
diseases,  as  pneumonia,  when  it  is  called  pleuro-pneumonia,  or  pneu- 
monia complicated  with  pleurisy. 


148  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

It  may  accompany  blood  diseases,  as  glanders,  or  it  is  often 
epizootic  where  influenza  is  prevailing  in  some  of  its  forms. 

It  may  also  be  caused  by  foreign  bodies  in  the  pleural  sac, 
blood,  pus,  or  air  in  the  sac,  or,  again,  necrosis  of  the  ribs  or  ver- 
tebrae. 

Inflammation  of  these  structures,  with  a  secondary  pleurisy 
in  some  cases. 

Changes  in  the  atmosphere  often  aid  to  cause  pleurisy.  It  is 
more  generally  a  secondary  disease;  the  animal  may  be  suffering 
with  a  laryngitis,  and  you  think  he  will  get  well;  but  the  fever 
keeps  high,  and  after  a  time  subacute  pleurisy  is  developed. 

Nowadays  it  is  said  to  be  caused  by  micro-organisms. 

What  is  the  pathological  anatomy  of  pleurisy  ? 

The  course  of  an  inflammation  of  a  serous  membrane  is — 
hyperemia,  followed  by  exudation  of  lymph,  the  effusion  of  fluid, 
its  absorption,  and  the  adliesion  of  the  membrane.  For  study, 
pleurisy  may  be  divided  into  three  stages. 

The  first  stage,  or  dry  stage,  or  stage  of  engorgement  or  conges- 
tion. There  is  an  irregular  redness  of  the  membrane,  with  little 
specks  of  exudation,  called  coagulable  lymph;  this  can  be  produced 
by  an  injection  of  oxalic  acid.  At  first  the  membrane  is  dry,  red- 
dened, with  an  increased  network  of  engorged  vessel;  it  loses  its 
shining  appearance  and  becomes  opaque,  from  the  shedding  of  the 
epithelium  and  the  commencing  exudation. 

The  second  stage  is  characterized  by  the  copious  exudation  of 
lymph  (more  or  less  covering  the  membrane,  giving  it  a  dull,  cloudy, 
or  shaggy  appearance)  from  the  clumps  of  fibrine;  if  the  inflamma- 
tion ceases  at  this  point,  it  is  called  dry  pleurisy.  The  amount  of 
exudation  depends  on  the  amount  of  inflammation.  When  the 
inflammatory  process  is  acute,  the  exudation  consists  most  entirely 
of  fibrine  factors,  which  coagulate;  often  these  layers  of  fibrine 
can  be  seen  covering  the  sides  of  the  pleural  cavity,  both  on  the 
visceral  and  the  parietal  layers. 

The  fibrine  is  a  thick,  yellowish  material,  deposited  in  layers, 
patches,  or  shreds,  according  to  the  amount,  causing  the  membrane 
to  become  very  much  thickened;  it  is  infiltrated  with  serum  and 
some  leucocytes,  it  rarely  being  puriform.  In  the  milder  forms  of 
inflammation  of  the  pleura,  serum  is  poured  out.  The  albuminous 
part  of  the  blood  and  serum  is  transuded  and  has  a  tendency  to 
gravitate  to  the  bottom,  and  often  fills  up  the  sac. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  149 

Tlie  stage  of  effusion  is  characterized  by  the  pouring  out  of 
a  semi-fibrinous  liquid;  more  or  less  filling  the  cavity  and  floating 
in  this  fluid  are  flocculi  of  fibrine,  blood,  and  epithelial  cells. 

The  exudation  is  called  serous,  fibrinous,  or  fibrino-serous. 

In  the  third  stage  this  material  may  undergo  fatty  degeneration 
and  become  absorbed,  in  which  case  resolution  takes  place;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  it  may  become  organized  and  form  false  membranes. 
In  the  human  subject  we  often  find  the  lungs  attached  to  the  walls 
of  the  thoracic  cavity,  in  which  case  it  becomes^  necessary  to  cut 
these  adhesions  to  remove  the  lungs;  this  is  rarely  found  in  the 
equine,  but  is  quite  common  in  the  dog. 

The  serous  part  of  the  exudation  may  become  absorbed  by 
the  blood-vessels  and  the  lymphatics;  the  character  of  the  inflam- 
mation we  generally  see  in  the  horse  is  the  subacute  form,  which 
contains  more  serum  than  fibrine,  and  therefore  so  dangerous  on 
account  of  drowning  out  the  lungs,  as  we  say,  and  the  animal  dies 
from  exhaustion. 

Is  this  a  unilateral  or  a  bilateral  disease  ? 

This  is  somewhat  of  a  disputed  point. 

On  post-mortem  examination  we  find  the  fluid  in  both  cavities. 
This  is  claimed  to  be  a  peculiarity — that  is,  there  is  a  connection 
between  the  two  pleural  cavities — a  perforation  of  the  mediastinal 
pleura. 

Some  say  that  this  perforation  is  made  after  death. 

There  are,  no  doubt,  openings  between  the  two  pleural  cavities, 
and  thus  it  is  termed  a  bilateral  disease,  although,  primarily,  one 
pleura  only  may  be  affected.  As  the  effusion  is  thrown  out  it  ac- 
cumulates in  both  lungs,  and  thus  the  bilateral  physical  signs. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

At  times  the  symptoms  are  vague,  and,  while  treating  laryn- 
gitis and  the  like,  this  disease  may  be  developing  and  we  may  over- 
look it.     It  very  often  is  associated  with  or  follows  pneumonia. 

In  other  cases  the  symptoms  are  striking;  it  commences  with 
a  chill,  the  animal  becoming  dull,  the  hair  roughened,  muscular 
tremblings,  coldness  of  the  extremities  and  skin,  followed  by  febrile 
symptoms;  the  hair  falls  down,  the  body  becomes  warm,  and  the 
mucous  membrane  injected. 

The  pulse  in  pleurisy  is  small,  quick,  and  hard — a  so-called 
wiry  pulse,  which  is  characteristic  of  inflammations  of  serous  mem- 
brane: later  it  becomes  softer  and  weaker. 


150  PEACTICE   OF  EQFINE   MEDICINE. 

The  temperature,  in  the  early  stages,  may  rise  to  104°,  105'^ 
or  106°  F.,  but  after  the  effusion  has  taken  place  the  temperature 
falls  and  is  often  very  low;  one  day  it  may  be  101°  F.,  the  next  day 
103°  F.,  and  then  fall,  varying  one  or  two  degrees,  from  about  103°, 
102°,  101°  F. 

The  respirations  become  quickened  and  catching  at  first,  and 
are  abdominal. 

After  the  exudation  takes  place  the  expiratory  act  becomes 
double.  * 

There  is  the  so-called  pleuritic  grunt,  which  is  evinced  on  mov- 
ing the  animal  or  turning  him  short. 

The  animal  moves  as  though  he  were  of  one  piece,  as  motion 
produces  lancinating  pain,  shown  by  this  grunt. 

After  the  exudation  is  thrown  out,  there  is  a  peculiar  sound 
heard  at  the  nostrils,  which  is  called  the  metallic  tinMing  sound. 

A  cough  may  be  present,  which  is  short,  dry,  tearing,  and  sup- 
pressed; one  of  the  most  annoying  symptoms  is  the  loss  of  appetite. 

As  the  effusion  accumulates  the  respirations  become  more  diffi- 
cult, the  double  expiratory  act  more  marked,  the  pulse  becomes 
rapid  and  weak,  and  the  animal  dies  from  exhaustion. 

Give  the  physical  signs. 

Inspection. — First  Stage. — There  are  catching  respirations, 
which  are  abdominal,  with  the  body  bent  to  one  side. 

Second  Stage. — Double  expiratory  act,  while  in  third  stage  the 
walls  of  the  flank  heave. 

Peecussion. — First  Stage. — At  first  there  is  not  much  change, 
there  usually  being  resonance. 

Second  Stage. — When  the  exudation  and  effusion  take  place 
there  is  an  alteration;  not  dulness,  as  in  pneumonia,  but  flatness, 
on  account  of  it  being  a  liquid;  the  line  of  flatness  is  uniform,  it 
being  on  a  straight  line  (horizontal),  as  liquids  seek  a  level;  above 
this  line  there  is  resonance  and  below  it  flatness. 

Third  Stage. — As  the  fluid  is  becoming  absorbed  the  -flatness 
decreases. 

Auscultation. — First  Stage. — There  is  a  roughness  of  the 
pleura,  and  the  rubbing  of  the  roughened  surfaces  together  produces 
a  dry  friction  sound,  which  resembles  the  rubbing  of  two  pieces  of 
parchment  together. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  151 

It  is  called  the  pleuritic  friction  sound,  and  is  heard  on  inspira- 
tion and  expiration. 

Second  Stage. — There  is  an  absence  of  all  respiratory  sound 
at  the  affected  part.  Bronchial  breathing  above  the  line  of  the 
trouble.  The  mucous  click,  or  the  metallic  tinkling  sound,  can  be 
heard  above  the  line  of  fluid  or  at  the  nostrils.  It  sounds  like  a  pin 
dropping  in  a  metallic  vessel,  or  a  drop  of  water  going  through  the 
mouth  of  an  open  bottle.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  pathogno- 
monic of  pleurisy,  but  it  may  be  heard  in  laryngitis. 

Third  Stage. — The  pleuritic  friction  sound  returning  (a  rub- 
bing and  sticking  sound),  and  the  metallic  tinkliiig  sound  getting 
less  and  less  as  the  fluid  becomes  absorbed. 

How  is  pleurisy  diagnosed  ? 

The  pulse  assumes  a  wiry  character;  the  respirations  are  ab- 
dominal, with  a  double  expiratory  act;  the  temperature  at  first  104° 
to  106°  F.,  then  oscillating  between  103°  and  101°  F. 

Flatness  on  percussion  in  the  second  stage;  on  auscultation 
during  the  first  stage,  the  pleuritic  friction  sound  heard  on  inspira- 
tion and  expiration,  while,  during  the  second  stage,  there  is  an 
absence  of  all  respiratory  sound  below  and  bronchial  breathing 
above. 

During  the  third  stage  the  returning  of  the  pleuritic  friction 
sound. 

What  diseases  may  be  mistaken  for  pleurisy  ? 

Pneumonia  and  bronchitis,  principally. 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  between  pleurisy  and 
pneumonia  ? 

Pleurisy  is  a  bilateral  disease,  while  pneumonia,  in  ninety-nine 
cases  out  of  one  hundred,  is  unilateral. 

Pleurisy,  temperature  is  high  at  the  beginning,  but  later  103° 
to  101°  F.,  while  in  pneumonia  the  temperature  is  high  all  through 
—104°  to  106°  F. 

In  the  first  stage  of  pleurisy,  on  auscultation,  the  pleuritic 
friction  sound  is  heard,  while  in  pneumonia  the  crepitant  rale. 

In  the  second  stage  of  pleurisy  there  is  flatness  on  percussion 
over  the  fluid,  limited  above  by  a  horizontal  line  on  both  sides  of  the 
chest,  whereas,  in  pneumonia,  dulness  over  the  affected  part,  limited 
by  an  uneven  line  (generally  one  side). 


152  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Give   the    differential    diagnosis   between    pleurisy    and 
bronchitis. 

In  pleurisy  the  temperature  is  high  at  onset,  then  lower,  while 
in  bronchitis  the  temperature  is  usually  high;  in  pleurisy,  on  percus- 
sion, second  stage,  flatness;  while  bronchitis — percussion — reso- 
nance is  obtained. 

In  pleurisy,  the  pleuritic  grunt;  in  bronchitis,  sibilant  and 
sonorous  rales  during  the  first  stage.  In  pleurisy,  loss  of  all  respira- 
tory sound  (second  stage);  in  bronchitis,  mucous  rales  coming  and 
going  (second  stage). 

The  prognosis. 

It  is  most  always  grave,  the  animal  usually  dying  from  asthenia. 

As  a  rule,  where  there  is  a  good  deal  of  fibrine  thrown  out  the 
animals  get  better. 

If  they  eat  well,  and  the  fever  is  not  too  high  in  the  beginning, 
and  the  heart  is  strong,  the  prognosis  is  more  favorable. 

The  treatment  of  pleurisy. 

The  indications  are  to  get  rid  of  the  pain  in  the  beginning  and 
the  effusion  in  the  second  stage.  At  the  onset,  anodynes  and  seda- 
tives are  indicated;  morphine  with  aconite  is  often  beneficial.  If, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  animal  is  very  weak,  stimulants  are  recom- 
mended. 

To  get  rid  of  the  effusion,  purgatives  should  not  be  used,  so 
that  we  should  call  on  the  kidneys  to  act;  nitrate  of  potassium  in 
half  or  ounce  doses;  iodide  of  potassium  is  good  as  a  diuretic  and 
absorbent,  but,  as  this  interferes  with  the  appetite  in  some  cases, 
it  should  not  be  used  too  long.  Salicylate  of  soda,  colchicum  seed, 
and  digitalis  are  good. 

Nux  vomica  and  arsenic  are  often  beneficial;  quinine  with  pep- 
sine,  for  the  appetite.    Whiskey  should  be  given  if  indicated. 

The  local  treatment. 

Counter-irritation,  as  mustard,  is  good,  as  is  also  the  oil-silk 
jacket. 

At  times  we  have  to  use  the  fly  blister  or  part  fly  and  part  red 
iodide  of  mercury  or  tartar  emetic,  one  drachm  to  the  ounce  of 
blister.    This  is  not  likely  to  blemish. 

Clip  off  the  hair  and  apply  it.  In  some  cases  suppuration  takes 
place,  the  skin  falls  off,  and  the  animal  is  marked  for  life,  but  this 


DISEASES   OF   THE   RESPIRATORY   SYSTEM.  153 

is  better  than  a  fatal  termination.  It  is  better  not  to  blemish,  if 
possible. 

Tapping  the  chest  (paracentesis  thoracis)  is  occasionally  used, 
but  with  unsatisfactory  results.  About  the  eighth  or  ninth  inter- 
costal space,  midway  between  the  level  of  the  sternum  and  the  level 
of  the  fluid  is  the  point  to  introduce  the  trocar  and  canula,  or,  bet- 
ter, an  aspirator. 

The  diet  and  means  of  keeping  up  the  appetite  are  very  impor- 
tant. 

Coax  the  animal  to  eat;  give  him  gruel,  grass,  apples,  and  the 
like  if  he  will  not  eat  bran  or  steamed  oats. 

EMPYEMA. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Purulent  pleurisy. 

What  is  empyaema  ? 

This  is  pus  in  the  pleural  cavity. 

Although  quite  common  in  man,  it  is  more  or  less  rare  in 
animals.  It  may  occur  from  injuries  to  the  chest  cavity  involving 
the  pleura. 

HYDKOTHOEAX. 

What  is  understood  by  hydrothorax? 

This  may  be  defined  to  be  water  or  serum  in  the  pleural  cavity. 

It  is  somewhat  rare  in  equines,  it  being  more  frequent  in  the 
sheep  and  the  dog;  it  is  a  non-febrile  disease,  with  about  the  same 
physical  signs  as  in  the  second  stage  of  pleurisy. 

Dyspnoea  is  the  principal  s}Tiiptom. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Build  up  the  system.    Give  diuretics,  diaphoretics,  and  absorb- 
ents.   Stimulants  may  be  indicated. 
Locally,  blisters  may  be  beneficial. 

PNEUMOTHORAX. 

Give  the  definition  and  causes  of  pneumothorax. 

It  is  an  accumulation  of  air  in  the  pleural  cavity,  due,  usually, 
to  penetrating  wound — broken  rib  or  abscess  breaking  internally 
and  externally. 


164  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Where  gangrene  of  the  lungs  takes  place,  or  where  air-cells 
rupture  in  pulmonary  emphysema,  these  cases  are  diagnosed  by  as- 
piration. 

Dyspnoea,  temperature  low,  and  signs  of  collapse. 

What  is  pneumo-hydrothorax  ? 

This  is  a  condition  with  air  or  gas  and  liquid  in  thoracic  cavity. 

Define  pyo-pneumo-hydrothorax. 

This  is  a  condition  with  pus,  air,  and  liquid  in  pleural  cavity. 

What  is  meant  by  haemato-pneumothorax  ? 

This  is  a  condition  with  blood  and  air  in  thoracic  cavity. 

What  is  understood  by  the  term  pneumo-nokoniosis  ? 

This  is  a  term  used  to  denote  diseases  of  the  lungs  due  to  the 
inhalation  of  particles  of  dust,  causing  a  discoloration  of  the  lungs. 

Horses  used  near  mines  breathe  in  coal-dust,  or  stone-dust,  or 
metallic  dust. 


SECTION  V. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM. 

I.  DISEASES   OF   THE   MOUTH   AND   PHARYNX. 

LAMPAS. 

What  is  meant  by  lampas  ? 

It  is  a  swelling,  or,  in  some  cases,  an  inflammation  of  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  hard  palate. 

The  mucous  membrane  projects  beyond  the  incisors  and  is 
probably  only  troublesome  during  dentition;  as  a  rule,  these  cases, 
when  brought  to  your  notice,  will  reveal  upon  examination  a  deeper 
trouble,  as  laryngitis,  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  etc.  Or  the  swelling 
of  the  gums  may  be  entirely  dependent  upon  disordered  digestion. 

What  can  be  done  for  this  condition  ? 

The  old  practice  was  to  burn  these  with  a  red-hot  iron.  This 
would  cause  a  slough,  which  would  leave  a  wound,  interfering  more 
or  less  with  the  act  of  prehension.  This  sort  of  treatment  should 
not  be  used  under  any  consideration.  The  cause  of  the  apparent 
benefits  observed  from  burning  the  gums  will  be  found  in  the  fact 
that  during  the  processes  of  sloughing  and  healing  the  animal  will 
not  eat  well,  and  when  the  mouth  gets  well  he  is  hungry  and  eats 
ravenously. 

The  horse  does  not  chew  with  this  part  of  the  mouth,  and 
therefore  it  requires  little  or  no  treatment.  In  these  cases  we  have 
to  treat  the  owner,  and  so  ofttimes  we  scarify  the  grim  lightly  to 
please  him,  or  give  some  mild  astringent  wash.  If  indigestion  be 
the  fault,  treat  to  overcome  that  deranged  function. 

Probably  the  best  way  is  to  recommend  corn  on  the  cob,  telling 
the  owner  that  this  will  wear  down  the  gums;  another  fact,  showing 
that  lampas  does  not  amount  to  much,  except  during  dentition, 
is  that  the  animal  will  oat  this  hard  com  off  the  cob. 

155 


156  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


PAEKOT  MOUTH. 

What  is  understood  by  parrot  mouth  ? 

This  is  where  the  upper  jaw  and  incisors  are  long  and  overlap 
the  lower.    The  incisors  do  not  come  together  in  the  regular  manner. 

It  is  often  difficult  for  these  animals  to  prehend  their  food, 
especially  if  turned  out  to  grass.  If  it  be  a  pronounced  case,  feed 
on  cut  hay,  etc.,  to  make  it  easier  to  take  hold  of  their  food. 


CRIBBING. 


Give  the  synonym. 

Crib-bitino;. 


What  is  the  definition? 

By  cribbing  is  understood  a  taking  hold  of  or  a  gnawing  of  some 
substance  (usually  wood),  and  characterized  by  a  wearing  away  or 
a  bevelling  of  the  front  portions  of  the  upper  and  lower  incisors. 
The  animal  is  called  a  crihber. 

Give  the  causes. 

It  is  a  habit  in  many  cases,  and  can  be  acquired  by  standing  in 
the  stable  continually,  and  especially  if  near  an  animal  that  has  this 
habit.  It  may  be  due  to  something  wanting  in  the  system,  or  to 
some  digestive  trouble. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  animals? 

There  is  no  specific;  keep  the  animal  in  a  stall  having  no  man- 
ger nor  anything  to  get  hold  of,  and  work  regularly. 

Keep  rock  salt  in  the  stall,  unless  this  tends  to  increase  the 
habit  of  cribbing. 

WIND   SUCKING. 

What  is  meant  by  this  ? 

The  animal  is  known  as  a  wind  sucker,  and  may  take  hold  of 
some  hard  substance  with  the  incisor  teeth,  arch  the  neck,  give 
a  grunt,  and  apparently  swallow  air;  or,  in  other  cases,  the  nose  is 
extended,  the  lips  puckered,  and  the  animal  imbibes  wind  without 
taking  hold  of  anything  with  the  teeth. 

Cribbing  and  sucking  wind  are  usually  associated,  and  are  to 
be  considered  an  unsoundness. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  107 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

About  the  only  treatment  used  is  the  application  of  a  wide 
strap  around  the  neck  to  keep  the  animal  from  arching  the  neck, 
but  this  is  objectionable,  as  it  may  produce  dilatation,  etc.,  of  the 
oesophagus,  choking,  narrowing  of  the  trachea,  etc. 

IKKEGULAR  TEETH. 

What  irregularities  of  the  molar  teeth  may  be  seen  ? 

The  molar  teeth,  on  account  of  not  having  an  equal  wearing  on 
the  table,  have  sharp  points  or  projections  on  the  outside  of  the 
upper  jaw  and  the  inside  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Give  the  treatment. 

These  roughened  edges  should  be  filed  down  or  cut  off. 
Do  not  smooth  the  rest  of  the  tooth,  as  it  is  natural  for  them 
to  be  roughened,  so  as  to  perform  mastication  properly. 

STOMATITIS. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Commonly  called  bags. 

Define  the  same. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth, 
characterized  principally  by  salivation. 

What  is  morbid  anatomy? 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  is  reddened,  swollen,  and 
somewhat  dry  at  first;  soon  secretion  takes  place,  causing  a  moisture 
of  the  parts;  the  secretion,  admixed  with  saliva,  often  flows  from  the 
mouth.  The  superficial  form  is  the  one  mostly  met  with  in  the 
horse. 

Give  the  causes. 

It  may  be  due  to  direct  injuries,  as  a  curb-bit,  irregular  teeth, 
irritating  drenches,  or  irritating  drugs,  as  the  chewing  of  a  ball  of 
chloral  hydrate.  Food  undergoing  decomposition  by  locating  in 
a  decayed  tooth. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Stomatitis  interferes  with  prehension  and  mastication,  and  thus 
there  is  a  loss  of  appetite,  the  mucous  membrane  becomes  swollen, 


158  PRACTICE  OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

as  do  the  lips,  ropy  saliva  escapes  from  the  mouth,  and  there  are  the 
other  clinical  signs  of  inflammation. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

On  account  of  the  great  number  of  blood-vessels  in  this  region, 
little  or  no  treatment  is  required. 

Chlorate  of  potash  is  specific  for  mouth  and  throat  inflamma- 
tions; it  can  be  given  in  an  electuary  or  as  a  gargle,  in  which  case 
it  can  be  syringed  into  the  mouth. 

Some  slight  astringent  wash,  as  a  mild  solution  of  argentum 
nitrate,  may  be  indicated.  In  most  cases  potassium  nitrate  in  the 
drinking-water  is  beneficial,  as  it  is  cooling. 

In  the  horse,  as  a  rule,  this  trouble  is  only  superficial;  the  diet 
should  consist  mostly  of  soft,  sloppy  food. 

GLOSSITIS. 

What  is  glossitis  ? 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  and  substance 
of  the  tongue,  characterized  by  an  interference  with  the  function 
of  that  organ. 

Give  the  morbid  anatomy. 

The  appearance  of  the  tongue  is  about  the  same  as  found  in 
stomatitis.  In  both  of  the  inflammations,  in  the  horse,  we  usually 
find  merely  a  superficial  condition,  which  readily  subsides  under 
proper  treatment. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

It  is  caused  by  irritating  medicines,  wounds  of  the  tongue,  and 
the  like,  about  the  same  as  stomatitis,  with  which  it  is  usually  asso- 
ciated. It  is  often  seen  when  the  animal  is  turned  out  early  in  the 
spring,  before  the  young  grass  is  well  up. 

Give  the  symptoms: 

They  are  about  the  same  as  stomatitis,  except  that  the  tongue 
often  projects  from  the  mouth,  and  the  tip  may  be  dark-colored. 

Give  the  treatment  of  glossitis. 

The  use  of  non-irritating  disinfectants,  and  about  the  same 
drugs  as  are  used  in  stomatitis;  solutions  of  alum,  boric  acid,  potas- 
sium chlorate,  zinc  sulphate,  etc. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  159 

APHTHAE. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Thrush;  iu  the  human  subject  it  is  called  muguet,  or  sprue. 

Give  the  definition. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mouth,  due  to  the  growth  of  a 
vegetable  parasite  called  the  didium  albicans. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

This  affection  occurs  mostly  in  the  young  (foals,  calves,  larribs, 
dogs,  etc.);  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  becomes  inflamed, 
small  white  spots  are  present,  soon  becoming  vesicles,  which  rupture 
and  leave  excoriations. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Good,  as  a  rule. 

Give  the  treatment. 

Cleanliness  and  soft  food-  are  important;  the  use  of  mild  as- 
tringent and  antiseptic  solutions  is  usually  beneficial. 

Any  of  the  following  drugs  may  be  used,  according  to  the  case: 
Potassium  chlorate,  potassium  permanganate,  copper  sulphate,  alum, 
boric  acid,  silver  nitrate,  zinc  sulphate. 

PAROTITIS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Parotiditis;  in  man  it  is  called  mumps. 

Define  parotitis. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  parotid  gland,  and  characterized 
by  fever  and  the  local  signs  of  inflammation. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

It  is  often  due  to  germs;  may  be  the  result  of  an  extension; 
mechanical  injuries;  exposure  to  atmospheric  changes  may  aid  in 
its  development.  • 

How  is  parotitis  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  swelling  of  the  gland,  by  pain  on  pressure,  by  fever, 
in  some  cases  difficulty  of  deglutition,  and  the  deviation  of  the  head 
to  one  side. 


160  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

In  simple  cases,  absorbing  ointments,  mild  blisters,  etc. 

If  suppuration  is  taking  place,  hot  poultices,  blisters;  open 
the  abscess  when  ready,  taking  the  greatest  of  care. 

Internally,  cooling  drinks,  absorbents,  internal  antiseptics,  etc., 
according  to  indications. 

PHAKYNGITIS. 

Define  pharyngitis. 

It  is  an  iniiammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  lining  the 
pharynx,  and  characterized  by  more  or  less  difficulty  in  deglutition. 

Give  the  aetiology 

It  is  usually  associated  with,  or  secondary  to,  laryngitis,  it  being 
as  a  rule  an  extension  of  the  inflammation. 

It  may  be  caused  by  mechanical,  chemical,  or  thermic  irrita- 
tion, and  in  some  cases  it  may  be  of  a  contagious  nature. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  first  symptom  noticed,  as  a  rule,  is  that  the  animal  refuses 
to  eat;  he  may  make  attempts,  but  is  unable  to  swallow,  as  there 
is  a  difficulty  in  deglutition. 

It  is  a  febrile  disease,  but  the  temperature  is  not  very  high, 
being  about  101°  or  103°  F.;  there  is  no  cough  present,  unless 
laryngitis  is  associated  with  it,  or  food,  etc.,  irritates  the  parts. 

One  marked  symptom  is  the  return  of  liquids  through  the  nos- 
trils. If  you  give  the  animal  a  pail  filled  with  water,  he  takes  a  few 
swallows,  stops,  and  the  water  is  regurgitated  through  the  nostrils. 

There  is  an  inability  to  swallow,  and  often  solid  material  and 
mucus  or  pus  are  returned  through  the  nostrils. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  slight  fever,  the  inahility  to  swallow  (especially  liquids); 
by  the  absence  of  much  pain  on  pressure  over  that  region. 

Give  the  differential  diagnosis  between  pharyngitis  and 
laryngitis. 

In  pharyngitis  the  temperature  is  lower  than  in  laryngitis; 
pain  is  slight  or  wanting  in  pharyngitis,  whereas  it  is  very  pro- 
nounced on  pressure  in  laryngitis.  In  pharyngitis  there  is  difficulty 
in  swallowing  liquids,  while  in  laryngitis  liquids  are  more  easily 
taken. 


DI8EA8ES   OF  THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  161 

Give  the  prognosis. 

The  prognosis  is  not,  as  a  rule,  grave,  though  the  animal  may 
die  from  starvation,  paralysis,  or  (Dcdema  of  the  glottis. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Jjlistcrs  over  the  region  of  the  parotid  glands  and  the  pharynx, 
the  use  of  gargles,  or  spraying  or  swabbing  out  the  throat  with  a 
solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  or  peroxide  of  hydrogen,  or  anodyne 
or  astringent  electuaries  may  be  used. 

As  a  rule,  we  cannot  give  solid  medicines  in  these  cases,  on 
account  of  the  inability  to  swallow,  and  for  the  same  reason  never 
give  drenches. 

If  we  could  get  at  the  pharynx,  as  they  do  in  the  human 
subject,  we  might  do  better  with  these  cases. 

Chlorate  of  potassium  in  the  drinking-water  will  be  of  great 
service;  even  though  little  is  swallowed  the  animal  attempts  to  do 
so,  and  this  cooling  so^tion  is  brought  into  direct  contact  with 
the  inflamed  surface. 

It  is  well  to  isolate  the  animals;  use  separate  pail  to  water  them, 
and  clean  and  disinfect  the  manger. 

Enemas  may  be  beneficial  to  unload  the  bowels. 


PARALYSIS  OF  THE  PHARYNX. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  an  absence  of  power  of  the  muscles  of  the  pharynx,  char- 
acterized by  a  total  loss  of  the  power  of  deglutition. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

It  is  often  difficult  or  impossible  to  attribute  any  cause.  It  may 
follow  pharyngitis;  it  is  present  in  cerebro-spinal  meningitis. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

Inability  to  swallow  food  or  drink.  Saliva  and  food  flowing 
from  the  nostrils  and  mouth. 

Palpation  yields  a  baggy  condition  of  the  fauces;  when  the 
parts  are  touched  there  is  no  contraction,  the  reflex  action  having 
disappeared. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Grave,  these  cases  dying  in  four  to  six  days  from  heart  ex- 
haustion or  starvation. 


162  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Outline  the  indications  for  treatment. 

Internally,  belladonna,  strychnine,  etc. 

Locally,  blisters  over  the  pharynx;  astringent  and  antiseptic 
solutions  applied  to  the  pharynx  itself. 

POST-PHAEYNGEAL  ABSCESS. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Super-pharyngeal  abscess. 

What  is  the  definition  ? 

This  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  human,  and  signifies  a  col- 
lection of  pus  in  the  cellular  tissue  behind  or  above  the  pharynx. 

It  is  rarely  seen,  although  it  may  occur,  and  when  it  is  present 
you  are  apt  to  be  misled,  as  the  only  symptom  present  is  roaring. 

After  a  time  the  abscess  breaks,  pus  escapes  from  the  nose,  and 
the  symptom  subsides. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Williams  recommends  puncturing,  but  it  is  often  difficult,  un- 
less the  abscess  points  and  bulges.  If  so,  treat  as  you  would  any 
abscess.  If  a  diagnosis  can  be  made  the  exploring  needle  should  be 
employed  to  confirm  it,  when  it  may  be  opened  by  boring  with  the 
finger  or  by  the  use  of  the  aspirator. 

INFLAMMATION  OF  THE  GUTTUEAL  POUCHES. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Pus  in  the  guttural  pouches. 

Define  the  same. 

This  is  a  catarrhal  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  guttural  pouches,  with  the  formation  and  accumulation  of  pus, 
and  characterized  by  a  discharge  from  the  nostrils  at  varying  in- 
tervals, especially  if  the  head  be  depressed. 

Describe  the  use  of  the  guttural  pouches. 

The  use  is  not  well  understood;  the  sense  of  hearing  is  sup- 
posed to  be  aided  by  them. 

The  pouches  are  found  in  the  equine  race,  and  are  lined  by 
mucous  membrane.    The  opening  of  the  Eustachian  tube  is  high  up. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  163 

What  is  the  pathology? 

The  mucous  membrane  becomes  tumefied,  reddened,  and  infil- 
trated; an  increased  amount  of  secretion  takes  place,  which  becomes 
purulent  and  glairy,  holding  white  or  yellowish-white  clots  in  sus- 
pension. 

The  watery  parts  may  become  absorbed  or  evaporated,  the  re- 
mainder undergoing  degeneration  and  becoming  absorbed,  or  may 
dry  up  and  form  calculi,  which  are  variable  in  size,  from  a  pinhead 
to  a  chestnut. 

Gas  is  sometimes  present  in  these  pouches. 

The  neighboring  lymphatic  glands  are  hard  and  somewhat  en- 
larged. 

Give  the  causation  and  symptoms. 

The  inflammation  is  generally  secondary,  often  following  or 
associated  with  parotitis,  pharyngitis,  or  colt  distemper. 

The  Eustachian  tube  may  become  closed,  preventing  the  escape 
of  pus,  which  accumulates  (generally  on  one  side,  becoming  much 
swollen,  causing  difficult  breathing  (dyspncea)  and  even  roaring, 
and  also  interfering  with  deglutition  by  pressure  on  the  larynx 
and  pharynx). 

It  may  become  so  distended  as  to  burst  or  cause  death  by  suffo- 
cation or  gangrene  of  the  lungs. 

In  other  cases  the  pus  escapes  from  the  nostrils — either  one  or 
both;  if  unilateral,  the  veterinarian  looks  for  glanders. 

The  discharge  is  intermittent  in  character,  and  depends  on  the 
position  of  the  head,  it  being  increased  when  the  head  is  lowered. 
Mastication  and  deglutition  often  increase  the  flow,  as  will  exercise. 

The  intermaxillary  glands  are  swollen  in  most  cases,  and  are 
usually  soft  to  the  feel  and  movable  under  the  skin. 

The  discharge  varies  in  quality,  generally  being  of  a  thick  and 
creamy  consistency  and  odorless.  It  comes  out  of  the  most  depend- 
ing part  of  the  nostril,  and  does  not  form  crusts,  and  is  not  very 
sticky. 

If  we  suspect  this  condition,  we  look  at  the  parotid  region,  and 
there  we  find  a  swelling  which,  if  pressed  on,  is  painful  and  often 
causes  the  pus  to  flow  out. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  a  thick,  odorless,  creamy,  and  clotty  discharge  from  one  or 
both  nostrils,  being  intermittent,  and  increased  by  mastication,  deg- 


164  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

lutition,  position  of  head  or  exercise,  and  by  the  swelhng  in  the 
parotid  region. 

How  may  it  be  differentiated  from  pus  in  the  sinuses? 

By  swelling  over  the  sinus,  by  dulness  on  percussion  associated 
with  pain,  and  by  the  discharge,  which  is  usually  offensive. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

The  case  seems  to  hang  on  unless  treated,  and  is  quite  a  grave 
condition.  Death  may  result  from  asphyxia  or  gangrenous  pneu- 
monia. 

What   are    the   indications   for  treatment   when   pus   is 
present  ? 

This  is  rather  difficult  to  treat,  and  when  it  attends  colt  dis- 
temper it  may  have  to  be  opened  on  account  of  the  interference  with 
the  respiration.  Be  careful  when  opening,  on  account  of  the  blood- 
vessels in  that  region.  Cut  through  the  skin  with  a  scalpel,  and 
then,  by  the  use  of  a  trocar  and  canula,  the  cavity  containing  pus 
may  be  found.  Then,  by  the  use  of  a  blunt-pointed  bistoury  and 
your  finger,  carefully  enlarge  the  opening  until  you  reach  the  cavity. 
Now  wash  out  the  cavity  with  mild  disinfectant  solution. 

By  using  your  finger  in  these  cases  you  avoid  much  hemorrhage. 

An  operation  is  often  performed  called  hyovertebrotomy,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  delicate  operations  we  have  to  perform.  Eoughly 
speaking,  it  consists  in  making  an  incision  above  and  one  below,  and 
passing  a  seton  through. 

These  animals  should  receive  their  hay  off  the  floor,  so  as  to 
keep  their  heads  in  a  low  position,  which  allows  the  pus  a  better 
chance  to  escape.  It  is  well  to  turn  these  animals  out  to  grass.  Ex- 
ercise is  also  beneficial. 

Keep  manger  clean  and  disinfected. 


2.   DISEASES   OF  THE   OESOPHAGUS. 

FOEEIGN  BODIES  IN   THE   (ESOPHAGUS. 
Choking. 

What  is  the  causation  ? 

Food,  as  carrots,  apples,  potatoes,  bread,  and  the  like,  that  have 
not  been  properly  masticated,  or  foods  that  are  not  properly  in- 


DISEASES   OF   THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  165 

salivated,  in  sucli  cases  being  hard  and  becoming  lodged;  pills 
that  are  large,  hard,  and  dry;  then,  too,  stricture,  tumors,  etc.,  may 
cause  this  condition. 

What  may  be  the  situation  of  the  foreign  body  ? 

It  may  be  situated  in  the  pharyngeal  part,  in  the  cervical  portion, 
or  in  the  thoracic  portion.  In  the  horse  the  principal  situation  is  the 
cervical  part. 

What  are  the  symptoms  when  the  foreign  body  is  situated 
in  the  pharyngeal  portion  ? 

The  symptoms  are  urgent,  there  is  a  spasmodic  contraction  of 
the  muscles  of  the  neck,  with  arching  of  the  neck,  and  efforts  at 
swallowing  and  regurgitation. 

Often  dyspnoea  is  present;  animal  becomes  uneasy  and  dis- 
tressed. 

Salivation  takes  place,  consisting  of  a  thick  and  ropy  material, 
which  denotes  irritation  of  the  glands  of  the  fauces. 

In  the  fauces  there  are  a  great  number  of  mucous  glands,  and 
these  pour  out  their  secretions. 

We  can  often  detect  a  swelling  in  the  region  of  the  pharynx; 
or,  if  we  pass  our  hand  back  in  the  mouth,  the  foreign  body  may 
be  felt. 

Give  the   symptoms  when   the  body  is   situated  in   the 
cervical  portion. 

If  the  foreign  body  is  situated  in  the  cervical  portion  the  s}Tnp- 
toms  are  not  so  urgent,  and  in  these  cases  we  test  by  liquids,  the 
water  going  down  as  far  as  the  obstruction,  and  then  returning 
through  the  nares  and  the  mouth. 

Again,  in  some  cases  a  marked  prominence  along  the  oesopha- 
gus may  be  seen. 

What  are   the   symptoms  when   the  body  is  situated  in 
the  thoracic  portion  ? 

When  in  the  thoracic  portion  the  s3'mptoms  are  often  very  ob- 
scure; the  animal  will  not  eat  much,  and  w^hen  he  does  eat  or  drink 
there  is  a  regurgitation  and  a  discharge  through  the  nostrils  and 
mouth. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

The  indication  is  to  get  rid  of  the  body;  manipulations  exter- 
nally; or  if  it  be  in  the  pharynx,  manipulations  internally.    If  the 


166  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

object  be  further  clown,  administer  oil  to  lubricate  the  passage  as 
well  as  the  object. 

If  the  body  be  in  the  thoracic  portion,  use  the  probang,  which, 
in  the  horse,  is  difficult,  as  we  cannot  get  its  head  on  a  straight 
line  with  the  throat,  and  so  cannot  use  a  very  large  probang.  When 
using  the  probang,  don't  use  violence,  but  gentle,  continued  pressure. 

If  the  object  cannot  be  removed  with  a  probang,  oesophagotomy 
can  be  performed.  This  is  not  very  difficult;  you  cut  down  on  the 
oesophagus,  expose  it,  make  your  incision  above.  There  is  some 
trouble  in  healing,  and  danger  of  a  constriction.  In  applying 
sutures,  be  sure  and  have  the  mucous  membrane  included. 

STEICTURE  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS. 

Name  the  synonym. 

Strictura. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  contraction,  constriction,  or  narrowing  of  some  por- 
tion of  the  oesophagus,  characterized  by  more  or  less  severe  symp- 
toms of  choke. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  may  be  produced  by  a  wound,  or  by  morbid  deposits,  as 
tumors  pressing  on  the  oesophagus;  also,  cancer  of  the  oesophagus, 
or  by  parasites. 

There  is  usually  a  dilatation  above  the  stricture,  which  can  be 
seen  when  the  animal  drinks. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

It  is  made  principally  by  regurgitation  of  food  and  drink,  and  in 
some  cases  by  the  passing  of  a  probang. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Some  books  recommend  cutting  down,  but  1^his  depends  very 
largely  on  the  extent  and  cause  of  the  stricture;  if  the  stricture 
is  slight,  careful  feeding  is  all  that  can  be  recommended.  If  severe, 
destruction  of  the  animal  is  advisable. 

DILATATION  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS. 

What  is  the  synonym? 

Jabot. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.  167 

Define  a  jabot. 

By  a  jabot  is  meant  a  saccular  dilatation  or  a  hernia  of  the 
oesophagus.  In  other  cases  the  dilatation  may  be  more  or  less  gen- 
eral. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

There  is  an  altered  appetite,  difficulty  of  deglutition,  signs  of 
choking,  more  or  less  severe,  salivation,  regurgitation  of  food  and 
drink,  emaciation,  which  is  more  or  less  gradual. 

Locally,  on  the  left  side,  generally  in  front  of  the  shoulder, 
a  tumor  appears,  which  is  soft  to  the  feel,  compressible,  and  re- 
ducible on  pressure.  After  eating  or  drinking  the  tumor  becomes 
larger,  on  account  of  containing  food. 

With  what  condition  may  a  jabot  be  confounded  ? 

With  a  cold  abscess,  when  situated  on  the  left  side. 

How  are  these  to  be  differentiated  ? 

By  the  jabot  being  soft  and  reducible,  while  the  cold  abscess 
is  hard,  the  walls  thick,  and,  if  aspirated,  will  be  found  to  contain 
pus,  if  it  has  had  time  to  form. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Dilatation  is  usually  associated  with  stricture,  the  former  being 
above  the  stricture. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

There  is  nothing  much  to  do  in  these  cases;  some  recommend 
cutting  down,  etc.,  and  in  some  cases  may  get  good  results. 
Pressure  may  be  of  some  service. 


EUPTUEE  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS. 

Name  the  synonym. 

Perforation  of  the  gullet. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

The  lodgement  of  foreign  bodies,  punctured  wounds,  or  from 
the  result  of  operations;  it  may  be  associated  with  certain  brain 
affections. 


168  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

Symptoms  of  choking  axe  present;  after  eating  and  drinking, 
a  large  swelling,  due  to  the  food  and  water,  may  be  shown  externally. 
The  food  and  drink  are  often  regurgitated  through  the  nose. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

No  treatment,  except  where  the  wound  is  slight,  in  which 
case  treat  it  as  you  would  any  wound;  cleanliness,  astringent  and 
antiseptic  solutions.  If  sutures  are  employed  be  sure  to  include 
the  mucous  membrane. 


PAEALYSIS  OF  THE  (ESOPHAGUS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Paralytic  dysphagia. 

Define  this  affection. 

This  is  a  loss  of  power  of  the  muscular  structure  of  the  oesoph- 
agus, characterized  by  an  inability  to  contract. 

SPASM   OF  THE   (ESOPHAGUS. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

(Esophagism;  dysphagia  spastica. 

Give  the  causes. 

Often  due  to  some  foreign  body  or  nerve  irritation. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Arching  of  the  neck,  retching,  and  attempts  at  vomiting;  pro- 
fuse salivation  is  present  in  some  cases. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Antispasmodics,  as  belladonna,  opium,  etc.,  may  be  given,  to- 
gether with  flaxseed-tea  or  oils. 


OESOPHAGITIS. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane,  etc.,  of  the 
oesophagus. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  169 

What  is  the  causation  ? 

It  may  be  slight,  accompanying  pharyngitis,  or  it  may  be 
caused  by  parasites. 

Irritants,  as  a  chloral  pill  breaking,  or  when  given  in  capsule 
in  tympanitic  colic,  the  distended  stomach  refusing  to  admit  the 
capsule,  which  dissolves  and  liberates  the  irritant;  it  may  be  caused 
by  caustics;   also  by  very  hot  drinks  or  drenches. 

The  diagnosis  is  made  how  ? 

Is  often  diliicult  in  mild  cases,  as  the  symptoms  are  often 
vague.  There  is  pain  on  pressure,  difficulty  of  swallowing,  saliva- 
tion, and  some  of  the  symptoms  of  choking,  arching  of  the  neck, 
retching,  squaling,  etc. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Cooling  and  mucilaginous  drinks  are  beneficial;  allow  animal 
to  lick  ice;  astringents,  as  a  solution  of  alum,  or  chlorate  of  potash, 
silver  nitrate,  tannin,  etc. 

The  diet  should  be  liquid  and  non-irritating. 


3.  DISEASES  OF   THE  STOMACH. 

GASTEITIS. 

Name  the  forms  of  gastritis. 

Gastritis  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  three  forms,  namely, 
Toxic  Gastritis,  Acute  Gastritis,  and  Cheonic  Gastritis. 

TOXIC  GASTEITIS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Poisonous  gastritis. 

Define  this  form. 

This  is  an  acute  and  violent  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  stomach  with  loss  of  tissue. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

The  mucous  membrane  is  reddened,  swollen,  and  eroded  in 
spots  or  patches;  the  ulcerations  which  are  present  may  be  super- 
ficial or  deep;   the  gastric  glands  are  destroyed. 


170  PEACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE, 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth,  etc.,  may  show  signs  of 
inflammation. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

Irritants  and  corrosives,  as  arsenic,  turpentine,  salts  of  mer- 
cury, mineral  acids,  copper,  and  the  like,  produce  this  condition. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

They  are  shown  immediately  after  the  ingestion  of  these  sub- 
stances. In  the  horse,  colicky  pains  are  present,  the  animal  crouch- 
ing down,  pointing  the  nose  to  the  region  of  the  stomach. 

The  pulse  is  rapid  and  strong  at  first,  then  becomes  weak,  the  • 
respirations  slow,  the  temperature  high — 104.5°  or  106°  F. 

Thirst  is  prominent,  the  animal  refuses  food,  diarrhoea  is  apt 
to  be  present. 

If  the  case  is  fatal,  signs  of  collapse  are  shown,  and  the  animal 
dies  from  exhaustion. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

Depends  on  the  history  of  the  case,  to  a  great  extent.  We 
might  find  traces  in  the  mouth  of  a  stomatitis. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

If  caused  by  poisons,  coat  the  stomach  with  a  bland  mucila- 
ginous substance,  as  a  solution  of  gum  arable  or  flaxseed-tea. 

Treat  the  colicky  pains  by  solid  opium — two  drachms  of  gum 
opium,  and  don't  be  afraid  to  repeat  this.  Opium  is  a  sjrtnptom 
medicine,  and  in  some  cases  can  be  kept  up  a  long  time  without 
producing  poisoning. 

To  lessen  the  pain,  belladonna  can  be  given  with  opium.  If 
the  poison  is  known,  give  the  antidote. 

ACUTE  GASTEITIS. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Gastric  fever;  acute  dyspepsia;  acute  indigestion;  acute 
gastric  catarrh;    simple  gastritis. 

Define  acute  gastritis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
stomach. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  171 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  mucous  membrane  at  the  pyloric  end  of  the  stomach  is 
reddened,  swollen,  and  thickened;  the  peptic  glands  degenerate 
and  the  membrane  is  covered  with  a  thick  mucus,  which  contains 
epithelial  cells,  granular  cells,  etc. 

How  is  simple  gastritis  caused  ? 

It  may  be  caused  by  errors  in  the  diet,  feeding  irregularly, 
improper  food,  sudden  change  of  food,  fast  eating,  cold  drinks,  or, 
on  the  other  hand,  a  lack  of  the  gastric  juice.  It  is  often  associated 
with  or  secondary  to  angemia,  purpura  hsemorrhagica,  pneumonia, 
and  affections  of  the  liver. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  first  thing  noticed  is  a  change  in  the  appetite,  it  becomes 
lessened  or  capricious.  They  yawn  frequently,  which  is  due  to 
irritation  of  the  pneumogastric  nerve.  Some  European  writers 
have  stated  that  white  hellebore  when  eaten  by  horses  will  produce 
vomiting  without  gastric  lesions.  Symptoms  of  nausea  and  even 
vomiting  are  said  to  be  present  in  these  cases,  but  they  are  prob- 
ably rare. 

The  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth  being  at  first  dry  and 
then  covered  with  a  ropy  mucus,  the  breath  has  a  sour,  stale  smell, 
the  tongue  is  coated. 

Then  again  there  may  be  intestinal  troubles,  or  the  flanks  may 
be  tucked  up;  the  f^ces  are  passed  frequently  and  in  small  quan- 
tities, and  the  balls  are  often  coated  ^vnth  mucus.  Diarrhoea, 
accompanied  by  tympanites  and  colic,  may  be  a  symptom.  Some- 
times after  the  ixces  are  discharged  a  yellowish  liquid  is  passed, 
which  soils  the  tail  and  the  hocks. 

There  is,  as  a  rule,  little  or  no  fever,  the  temperature  being 
about  101°  or  102°  F. 

There  are  certain  general  symptoms  present;  the  animal  be- 
comes lazy,  stupid,  and  sweats  easily;  jaundice  may  be  present 
from  an  interference  with  the  bile-duct;  the  urine  may  be  altered, 
it  being  less  in  quantity,  there  is  less  sediment,  and  the  phosphates 
are  present  in  noticeable  quantities. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

These  cases,  when  mild,  get  well,  especially  when  under  good 
hygienic  surroundings.  Sometimes  in  old  animals  it  leads  to  death; 
or,  again,  it  may  go  on  to  the  chronic  form. 


172  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Give  the  treatment. 

Good  hygiene  is  of  primary  importance,  as  is  the  diet;  feeding 
with,  small  quantities  and  at  frequent  intervals.  Give  water  with 
the  chill  taken  off  in  cold  weather. 

If  the  stomach  is  overcharged,  glauber  salts  and  tartar  emetic 
or  small  doses  of  calomel  may  be  given;  purgatives  in  small  and 
broken  doses.  We  probably  give  puagatives  in  this  manner  too 
little;  it  is  no  doubt  a  nice  way  to  administer  them.  Eserine  and 
pilocarpine  cause  evacuations. 

The  sulphite  of  soda  is  good  if  tympanites  is  present.  Creoline 
and  carbolic  acid  are  also  used.  Pepsine  and  hydrochloric  acid 
can  be  given  to  assist  digestion;  also  ginger,  bismuth,  and  sodium 
bicarbonate  are  indicated,  as  are  nux  vomica  and  Fowler's  solution. 
If  diarrhoea  and  colic  are  present,  we  use  dry  food  and  astringents, 
as  opium  and  tannic  acid.    Starch  in  the  drinking-water  is  good. 

CHEONIC  GASTKITIS. 

Name  the  synonym. 

Chronic  dyspepsia;  chronic  indigestion;  chronic  catarrh  of 
the  stomach. 

Define  chronic  gastritis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  stomach,  chronic  in  its  course, 
characterized  by  thickening  of  the  mucous  membrane  and  organic 
changes  of  the  gastric  glands,  associated  with  an  increased  forma- 
tion of  mucus  with  an  irregular  appetite. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

The  mucous  membrane  is  of  a  red,  brown,  or  slate  color,  is 
thickened  in  ridges  and  covered  with  a  thick  whitish  and  sticky 
mucus;  the  gastric  glands  increase  in  size  at  first,  but  soon  atrophy. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

It  may  be  caused  by  errors  in  the  diet,  as  fast  eating,  improper 
mastication,  large  draughts  of  water.  Chronic  gastritis  may  be 
associated  with  rachitis,  anaemia,  and  diabetes;  other  causes  are 
ulcer  or  dilatation  of  the  stomach,  chronic  lung,  heart,  or  liver 
diseases. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

The  appetite  is  variable,  at  times  being  impaired,  at  other 
times  good.    The  tongue  is  coated,  the  edges  often  red;  a  sour  odor 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  173 

comes  from  the  mouth;  the  digestion  is  slow,  which  causes  the 
food  to  ferment;  in  some  cases  diarrhoea  may  be  present,  while  in 
others  constipation.  There  is  no  fever,  the  pulse  may  be  slow  or 
in  some  cases  rapid;  emaciation  is  usually  present,  the  skin  being 
harsh  and  dry. 

What  is  the  treatment? 

lierjulate  the  diet,  giving  smaller  quantities  of  food,  feed  regu- 
larly, and  cause  the  animal  to  eat  slowly. 

Purges  to  relieve  the  stomach;  for  the  pain,  if  any,  give  opium, 
belladonna,  etc.;  for  fermentation,  give  charcoal,  bismuth,  sodium 
bicarbonate,  salicylic  acid,  creasote;  to  aid  digestion,  pepsine, 
pancreatine,  hydrochloric  acid;  to  tone  up  the  appetite,  nux 
vomica,  tincture  of  capsicum  or  ginger. 

VEETIGO-ABDOMINALIS. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Stomach  staggers;  impaction  of  the  stomach. 

What  is  the  definition  ? 

This  is  a  distention  of  the  stomach  with  food,  characterized 
by  symptoms  of  vertigo,  due  to  pressure  on  the  abdominal  vessels. 

Give  the  setiology. 

This  is  not  so  frequently  met  ^ith  at  present  as  formerly,  as 
the  principles  of  feeding  are  better  understood.  The  stomach  of 
the  horse  is  small,  as  compared  with  the  size  of  the  body,  and  there- 
fore should  receive  comparatively  small  quantities  at  a  time,  and 
more  often  than  some  animals. 

The  use  of  the  nose-bag  in  giving  the  animal  a  mid-day  meal 
has  aided  in  a  change  for  the  better. 

Eating  greedily  of  cut  feed,  corn  stalks,  wheat,  or  too  large 
quantities  of  oats.  Again,  during  convalescence,  where  the  animal 
is  fed  up  while  more  or  less  weak. 

This  impaction  interferes  with  the  action  of  the  muscular 
structure,  and  the  food  remains  in  the  stomach,  and  as  it  cannot 
be  vomited  by  the  horse  it  remains  there. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

They  are  those  of  gastric  irritation;  there  is  more  or  less  un- 
easiness, looking  around  at  the  sides,  colicky  pains,  pawing,  Ijdng 
down,  rolling,  sweating,  possibly  eructations  of  gas  and  vomiting. 


174  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Accompanying  any  or  all  of  these  symptoms  they  show  signs 
of  delirium,  and  hence  the  name  stomach  staggers;  soon  the  de- 
lirious signs  are  followed  by  a  comatose  condition. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

It  is  made  by  the  history  of  over-feeding,  by  the  symptoms  of 
colic,  associated  with  signs  of  delirium  and  coma,  together  with 
the  suddenness  of  the  attack. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

Is  grave,  as  a  rule,  as  medicines  are  slow  in  action  on  the  im- 
pacted stomach,  the  walls  of  which  are  incapable  of  acting. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Unload  the  stomach,  which  is  often  very  difficult,  as  the 
medicines  are  not  absorbed  and  do  not  relieve  the  impaction;  some 
recommend  liquids,  the  use  of  salt  to  increase  the  thirst,  which  is 
only  good,  as  a  rule,  in  the  milder  cases. 

Aloes,  linseed  oil,  and  the  like,  aided  by  stimulating  enemas, 
may  be  used. 

Eserine  and  pilocarpine,  given  hypodermically,  are  indicated. 

If  vertigo  is  present,  cold  to  the  head,  in  the  shape  of  an  ice- 
bag  or  sponges  with  cold  water.  Bromides  internally  may  be 
indicated. 

EUPTUEE   OF  THE   STOMACH. 

Give  the  definition. 

By  this  is  meant  a  tearing  of  the  coats  of  the  stomach,  the 
contents  of  which  ooze  into  the  abdominal  cavity. 

What  is  the  causation? 

This  often  follows  colic  and  ruptures  from  the  accumulation 
of  gas  or  when  the  stomach  is  full  by  the  animal  falling,  and  caus- 
ing shock;  fast  or  heavy  work  on  a  full  stomach. 

Traumatic  injuries,  as  being  run  into  by  a  shaft  or  pole;  or 
the  walls  of  the  viscus  may  become  thin  from  the  presence  of 
bots,  etc. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

They  are  those  of  colic  at  the  onset;  soon  the  pain  ceases,  the 
animal  seems  better,  but  this  seemingly  favorable  condition  does 
not  last  long.    They  are  followed  by  signs  of  collapse;  a  running 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  175 

down,  weak  pulse,  the  temperature  subnormal,  the  respirations 
rapid,  cold  extremities,  muscular  tremblings,  staggering  gait,  ab- 
sence of  the  intestinal  murmur. 

These  symptoms  may  be  present,  and  still  there  be  no  rupture. 
The  position  of  the  animal  is  said  to  be  diagnostic — the  lying  on 
the  sternum  with  the  posterior  parts  elevated,  or,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  sitting  on  the  haunches;  but  these  positions  are  not 
pathognostic. 

Vomiting  occurs  when  the  rupture  is  near  the  cardiac  opening. 

Give  the  diagnosis. 

We  cannot  always  diagnose  during  life;  we  merely  suspect. 
Where  vomiting  exists,  we  are  more  positive. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Eupture  of  the  stomach  is  fatal,  unless  it  be  partial;  that  is, 
where  there  is  an  over-stretching  of  the*  cardiac  opening.  In  these 
cases  the  animal  may  live.    It  is  well  to  give  a  guarded  prognosis. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Keep  the  animal  quiet  by  the  use  of  anodynes,  as  opium  or 
morphine  hypodermically.  Internal  antiseptics,  antacids,  etc.,  are 
usually  beneficial. 

If  pains  subside,  feed  the  animal  in  small  quantities,  and  give 
sloppy  food. 

4.  DISEASES   OF   THE    INTESTINES. 

SPASMODIC  COLIC. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Intestinal  pain;  enteralgia;  belly-ache. 

What  is  understood  by  the  word  "  colic  "  ? 

The  word  colic  should  refer  to  the  colon,  but  its  use  at  present 
covers  the  entire  intestinal  tract,  and  even  the  rest  of  the  contents 
of  the  abdominal  cavity. 

Colic  may  be  defined  to  be  abdominal  pain  without  any  anatom- 
ical changes,  produced  by  a  spasmodic  contraction  of  the  muscular 
structure  of  the  intestines,  characterized  by  uneasiness,  and  tem- 
porary suspension  of  defecation  and  urination. 


176  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

The  equine  race  seems  to  be  predisposed  to  colic  on  account 
of  their  anatomical  characteristics.  They  cannot  vomit;  they  eat 
fermentable  food;  then  the  great  length  of  the  intestines,  which 
are  apt  to  become  twisted  and  the  like,  and  the  fsecal  matter  may 
become  impacted. 

Then,  again,  chillings  of  the  skin;  the  direct  application  of 
cold  to  the  mucous  membrane,  as  a  cold  drink,  or  too  large  quan- 
tities of  water,  especially  if  the  animal  be  overheated. 

Overcharging  the  stomach  may  be  a  cause,  so  that  we  say 
Monday  is  our  colic  day,  or  after  a  holiday,  from  a  lack  of  exercise; 
frozen  food  or  poor  food,  or  too  much  food.  Calculi,  by  pressing 
on  the  terminal  branches  of  the  nerves,  cause  ulceration  and  colicky 
pains. 

Colic  is  rarely  due  to  worms;  sometimes  it  is  due  to  starva- 
tion, as  seen  in  army  horses  on  long  marches;  aneurisms  of  the 
mesenteric  arteries  are  quite  a  common  cause,  especially  of  periodical 
colics. 

What  are  the  symptoms  of  spasmodic  colic  ? 

There  are  a  great  variety  of  symptoms  which  are  shown  sud- 
denly. 

If  hitched  before  a  wagon,  the  animal  will  stop,  point  the 
nose  around  at  the  sides,  paw,  and  want  to  lie  down;  while  if  in  a 
narrow  stall,  he  will  become  uneasy,  paw,  s'^dtch  the  tail,  look  at 
the  sides,  lie  down,  get  up,  etc. 

If  in  a  box  stall,  he  will  walk  around,  paw,  kick  the  abdomen 
with  the  hind  foot,  crouch  down,  or  in  other  cases  will  roll  on 
his  back,  and  remain  in  this  position  for  a  time,  and  when  the  spasm 
comes  on  will  get  up,  paw,  etc. 

The  pain  is  paroxysmal  at  first,  the  intervals  of  ease  often 
lasting  for  a  considerable  length  of  time.  It  may  be  necessary  to 
watch  these  cases  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  before  the  spasm  recurs. 

The  pulse  is  about  40,  increasing  during  the  pain;  the  tem- 
perature is  normal,  or  possibly  elevated  half  a  degree;  the  animal 
may  sweat.    Diarrhoea  or  constipation  may  be  present. 

Some  of  the  unfavorable  symptoms  are  a  rapid  and  thready 
pulse,  the  extremities  cold  to  the  feel  (especialljuthe  tips  of  the 
ears  when  cold  and  clammy),  together  with  muscular  tremblings, 
which  can  best  be  appreciated  by  applying  the  hand  to  the  muscles 
over  the  shoulder.    Other  unfavorable  sjinptoms  are  cold  sweat- 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  177 

ing,  anxious  expression,  dilated  pupils,  the  mucous  membranes 
are  dark  in  color  or  contain  mahogany  or  saifron-colored  spots. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Always  be  guarded;  the  prognosis  varies  with  the  cause. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

First  relieve  'the  pain,  and  then  act  on  the  confined  bowels. 

To  relieve  the  pain,  anodynes,  sedatives  or  stimulants;  opium 
or  morphine,  chloral,  chloroform  (well  diluted),  ether,  belladonna, 
cannabis  indica,  ginger. 

To  act  on  the  confined  bowels,  give  oils,  aloes  (in  some  cases); 
eserine  and  pilocarpine  hypodermieally  or  intravenously,  or  barium 
chloride  intravenously. 

Enemas  of  soap-suds,  salt,  glycerine. 


TYMPANITIC    COLIC. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Tympanites;   flatulent  colic;   wind  colic;   gaseous  colic. 

Define  flatulent  colic. 

By  this  is  understood  colic  due  to  the  accumulation  of  gas 
in  the  stomach  and  intestines,  characterized  by  swelling  of  the 
abdomen,  more  or  less  pain,  and  in  some  cases  eructations  of  gas 
from  the  mouth  and  the  passage  of  flatus  from  the  anus. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

Gaseous  colic  is  seen  mostly  during  the  hot  or  changeable  sea- 
sons, due  to  the  change  of  food,  green  food,  etc.;  the  food  ferments 
in  the  stomach  and  bowels,  causing  gases  to  form. 

A  lack  of  sufficient  quantities  of  the  digestive  juices  may  be 
a  cause.    Wind-suckers  are  prone  to  this  form  of  colic. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  colicky  pains  may  or  may  not  be  severe;  in  some  cases 
there  is  a  gradual  accumulation  of  gas,  the  abdomen  being  dis- 
tended to  a  considerable  size  before  the  animal  shows  signs  of 
distress.  In  these  cases  the  gas  accumulates  mostly  in  the  large 
intestines,  prin#pally  the  ca?cum — the  swelling  in  these  cases  be- 
ing most  prominent  on  the  right  (off)  side.  In  other  cases,  the 
gas  is  in  the  stomach  and  small  intestines,  causing  an  arching  of 
the  neck  and  attempts  at  vomiting  (in  some  cases  actual  vomiting). 


178  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Other  symptoms  are  uneasiness,  pawing,  rolling,  passage  of 
gas  from  the  anus,  dyspnoea. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  drum-like  swelling  of  the  abdomen,  by  symptoms  of 
pain,  and  on  auscultation  borborygmi. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

Should  be  guarded;  most  cases  recover.  The  dangers  are:  a 
rupture  of  the  stomach,  diaphragm,  or  intestines;  also  carbon 
dioxide  poisoning,  due  to  pressure;  pulmonary  cedema  or  apoplexy. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Get  rid  of  the  gas  present,  and  check  its  formation. 

Internal  antiseptics  are  the  drugs  indicated  in  these  cases  to 
stop  the  formation  of  the  gases. 

Chloral  hydrate  is  antiseptic;  relieves  the  pain  and  aids  in 
the  expulsion  of  the  gases;  chloride  of  lime  and  charcoal  are  good; 
the  hyposulphite  of  soda,  sodium  bicarbonate,  bismuth,  ginger. 

Purgatives  are  often  indicated  and  can  be  assisted  by  enemas 
of  glycerine,  soap-suds,  or  a  stimulating  enema  containing  tur- 
pentine. 

Massage  to  the  abdomen  or  puncturing  the  cascum  with  a 
trocar  and  canula  on  the  right  side  in  the  most  prominent  spot 
between  the  angle  of  the  ilium  and  the  last  rib.  In  some  cases  on 
the  left  side. 

The  dangers  of  puncturing  are  abscesses,  hemorrhage,  peri- 
tonitis. 

COLICS  DUE  TO  AN  ALTERED   RELATION   OF  THE 
INTESTINES. 

INVAGINATION",    INTUSSUSCEPTION,   VOLVULUS. 

What  is  invagination  ? 

By  this  is  meant  the  condition  existing  where  one  portion 
of  the  intestines  slips  into  another;  three  layers  are  thus  present 
in  the  retained  part. 

Define  volvulus.  • 

This  is  a  twisting  of  the  gut  (a  rotation  of  the  organ  upon  its 
axis)  or  a  bending  of  a  portion  of  the  intestines,  causing  a  stoppage 
of  the  canal. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  179 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

In  many  cases  stricture  of  a  portion  of  the  intestines  pre- 
disposes this  condition.  Spasm  of  the  muscular  tissue  may  be  a 
cause. 

This  condition  causes  an  interference  with  the  circulation, 
producing  death  of  the  part. 

How  may  these  conditions  be  diagnosed? 

Symptoms  of  colic  are  present,  which  continue,  treatment  giv- 
ing no  relief;  there  is  pawing  almost  continually  of  one  front  foot; 
the  animal  will  usually  stand,  although  occasionally  going  down. 

No  fever  at  first;  later  the  temperature  rises  a  degree  or  so, 
reaching  possibly  104°  or  105°  F.  several  hours  before  death.  The 
pulse  becomes  weak,  the  animal  sweats,  which  is  at  first  warm,  but 
later  cold. 

These  conditions  can  only  be  suspected  during  life,  and  ought 
to  be  verified  by  a  post-mortem. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases? 

Antispasmodics,  as  opium,  belladonna,  cannabis  indica,  chloral, 
chloroform,  ether. 

Oils,  flaxseed  tea,  enemas,  purges  hypodermically  or  intrave- 
nously may  be  used. 

Laparotomy  is  indicated,  but  this  is  very  difficult  in  the  horse. 

It  could  be  tried  in  the  dog,  as  it  is  commonly  performed  with 
success  in  the  human  subject. 

Linseed  oil  may  be  tried;  eserine  also. 

ENTEKITIS. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Inflammation  of  the  bowels. 

What  is  enteritis  ? 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  intestines,  characterized  by 
more  or  less  fever  and  continual  pain. 

What  is  duodenitis  ? 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  duodenum. 

What  is  the  term  used  to  denote  an  inflammation  of  the 
ileum  ? 

Ileitis. 


180  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE    MEDICHSTE. 

What  is  meant  by  typhlitis  ? 

By  this  term  is  meant  an  inflammation  of  the  caecum. 

Define  colitis. 

Colitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  colon. 

What  word  signifies  an  inflammation  of  the  rectum  ? 

Proctitis. 

Give  the  morbid  anatomy  of  enteritis. 

The  mucous  membrane  alone  may  not  only  be  involved,  but  it 
may  extend  to  the  muscular  coat,  thus  preventing  the  forcing  of 
the  food  along  the  intestines,  which  become  paralyzed  or  partially 
so.    On  post  mortem  signs  of  peritonitis  are  most  always  present. 

The  mucous  membrane  is  reddened  in  patches,  as  a  rule,  thick- 
ened, softened,  and  often  ulcerated. 

This  is  not  a  very  common  disease,  and  it  takes  some  time  for 
it  to  develop. 

What  is  the  aetiology  ? 

It  may  be  caused  by  irritants — poisons,  alkalies,  or  acids;  it 
may  follow  hernia,  castration,  liver  trouble,  embolism,  aneurism, 
colics  which  are  not  relieved,  especially  if  they  be  due  to  con- 
stipation. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

This  is  a  febrile  disease,  the  temperature  during  the  congestive 
stage  may  rise  to  104°  or  105°  F.,  but  as  soon  as  the  exudation 
is  thrown  out  it  reduces  and  varies  from  103°  to  103|°  F.,  and 
sta3's  about  this  way  until  death  approaches,  when  the  temperature 
again  rises. 

The  -pulse  in  enteritis  is  small,  weak,  and  compressible,  and 
very  rapid. 

The  respirations  are  accelerated  and  thoracic. 

The  mucous  membranes  are  highly  injected,  the  mouth  is 
clammy  and  hot,  there  is  a  bad  odor  to  the  breath,  a  frothy  dis- 
charge of  saliva,  which  has  a  sour  smell. 

There  is  intestinal  pain  and  often  some  tympanites.  The  pain 
is  constant  in  enteritis,  the  animal  keeps  walking  around  in  a  circle, 
stops  at  times,  paws  a  little,  and  may  possibly  lie  down  once  in  a 
while;  he  usually  makes  several  attempts  to  lie  down,  and  when 
he  does  go  down  does  so  very  carefully.    They  try  to  get  on  their 


DISEASES   OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.  181 

back  and  remain  so  for  a  long  time,  then  roll  over,  get  up,  and 
commence  to  walk. 

They  may  walk  this  way  for  a  day  or  two;  the  skin  will  be 
rubbed  olf  their  eyes,  hips,  and  shoulders  from  the  continual  rub- 
bing against  the  sides  of  the  stall. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  fever,  by  the  continual  pain,  by  the  walking  in  a  circle, 
by  the  pulse,  which  is  small,  rapid,  and  compressible,  by  the  absence 
of  the  intestinal  murmur  on  auscultation. 

What  disease  is  enteritis  commonly  confounded  with  ? 

Colic. 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  ? 

Ill  colic  there  is  an  absence  of  fever,  intermittent  pain,  the 
animals  throwing  themselves  down  violently;  while  in  enteritis 
there  is  fever,  continued  pain,  and  the  animals  lie  down  carefully. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

The  disease  is  quite  fatal,  although  cases  do  recover. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Keep  the  animals  and  the  bowels  quiet;  opium,  or,  better, 
morphine  should  be  given  till  its  action  is  obtained.  Do  not  be 
afraid  to  give  8  or  10  grains  hypodermically,  repeating  at  intervals 
of  three  or  four  hours,  giving  belladonna  in  between  the  doses  of 
morphine. 

They  used  to  bleed  and  use  cathartics,  but  these  are  of  no  use. 
Do  not  give  injections. 

If  diarrhcea  is  present,  give  gum  opium,  beginning  with 
drachm  doses  and  increasing  according  to  indications. 

Eemember  that  opium  is  a  symptom  medicine  and  should  be 
given  until  its  action  is  reached.  Chloral  hydrate  may  be  used  in 
the  beginning,  but  not  after  the  case  is  well  advanced. 

Cannabis  indica  (fl.  ext.)  in  two-drachm  doses  may  be  given 
in  place  of  opium  or  with  it. 

The  local  treatment  consists  of  hot  blankets  around  the  abdo- 
men with  a  dry  blanket  over  it. 

The  diet  should  consist  wholly  of  flaxseed-tea  for  about  forty- 
eight  hours.  After  some  six  or  eight  hours,  if  they  will  not  drink 
the  flaxseed-tea,  it  is  well  to  drench  them  with  some.  After,  say, 
forty-eight  hours,  give  oil. 


182  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


DIAEEH(EA. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Alvus  soluta;  alvine  flux;  purging;  scouring. 

What  is  the  definition  ? 

It  is  a  too  frequent  and  loose  evacuation  of  the  faecal  matter 
from  the  intestines. 

Give  the  causes. 

The  kind  of  food;  sudden  change  of  food,  soft  food,  frozen 
food,  bad  food. 

Large  draughts  of  water,  stagnant  water,  purgatives;  it  may 
be  associated  with  certain  blood  diseases,  lung  diseases,  intestinal 
affections,  or  it  may  be  produced  by  micro-organisms. 

Horses  of  certain  conformations  seem  predisposed  to  diarrhoea; 
those  with  a  narrow  body,  high  hips. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Diarrhoea  is  often  an  effort  of  nature  to  get  rid  of  an  irritant, 
and  therefore  we  should  not  be  too  hasty  in  stopping  a  diarrhoea, 
as  constipation,  enteritis,  and  death  may  be  the  result. 

Starch  in  the  drinking-water  (one-half  pound  to  a  pail  of 
water);  chalk  is  also  used,  one  chalk  ball  in  half  a  pail  of  water. 
Flaxseed-tea  is  good.  Then  again,  astringents,  as  opium,  which 
arrests  secretions. 

Tannin,  mercury  with  chalk,  catechu,  sugar  of  lead,  alum,  and 
the  like,  may  be  used. 

Eest  is  important ;  in  chronic  cases,  give  drinking-water  at 
least  an  hour  before  driving. 


CONSTIPATION. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Alvus  adstricta;   intestinal  torpor;   costiveness. 

What  is  constipation  ? 

It  is  a  functional  disorder  due  to  insufficient  secretion  or  in- 
nervation, and  characterized  by  the  retention  of  the  faecal  matter. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.  183 

Define  costiveness. 

Costiveness  is  where  there  is  a  lack  of  secretion  and  the  faeces 
are  small,  hard,  and  dry,  while  in  constipation  there  is  no  passage 
at  all.    These  terms,  however,  are  used  as  synonyms. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

Kind  of  food,  too  much  food,  want  of  or  too  much  exercise, 
old  age,  lack  of  secretions,  stricture,  hernia,  paralysis,  tumors,  af- 
fections of  the  stomach,  liver,  intestines,  etc. 

• 

How  is  constipation  diagnosed  ? 

By  there  not  being  any  passage,  by  colicky  pains,  loss  of 
appetite. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

It  depends  on  the  cause  and  the  complications;  simple  cases 
recover. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Attend  to  the  diet;  give  laxative  food  occasionally  to  prevent 
constipation. 

Laxatives  or  purges  may  be  given;  oil,  calomel,  aloes  (in  full 
or  broken  doses),  eserine,  pilocarpine. 

Nux  vomica  with  belladonna  may  be  given  to  tone  up  the 
nerves  of  the  intestines. 

Enemas  aid  the  purges  by  softening  the  contents  of  the  bowels 
and  increasing  peristalsis. 

If  colicky  pains  are  present,  give  anodynes,  antispasmodics, 
etc.,  as  opium,  chloral,  cannabis  indica,  hyoscyamus. 

Nux  vomica,  belladonna,  gentian,  ginger,  calumba,  etc.,  may 
be  given  to  assist  the  purge  and  tone  up  the  bowels. 


5.  DISEASES   OF   THE   PERITONEUM. 

PERITOXITIS. 

What  are  the  forms  ? 

Peritonitis  may  be  primary  or  secondary,  general  or  local,  acute 
or  chronic. 

Define  peritonitis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  peritoneum. 


184  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Give  the  causation. 

This  rarely  arises  as  a  primary  disease,  it  being  secondary  to 
some  other  disease,  or  it  may  follow  an  injury  or  operation,  as 
castration,  or  it  may  be  associated  with  some  disease  of  the  organs 
of  the  abdominal  cavity,  as  enteritis,  dysentery,  diseases  of  the 
liver,  of  the  stomach,  of  the  mesenteric  glands;  or  it  may  be  asso- 
ciated with  aneurism. 

Peritonitis  sometimes  arises  in  pregnant  animals,  or  it  may 
be  seen  after  birth  where  there  is  metritis;  this  is  very  common  in 
the  human  subject,  and  it  may  o^cur  in  our  animals. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  lesions  may  be  general  or  local;  they  are  local  where 
the  membrane  becomes  thickened,  and  in  these  cases  it  is  very  apt 
to  spread.  This  is  a  serous  membrane,  and  the  pathology  is  about 
the  same  as  we  find  elsewhere.  At  first  the  membrane  becomes 
congested  and  dry;  after  a  time  exudation  of  fibrine  and  the 
effusion  of  serum  takes  place.  The  fibrine  forms  flakes,  which  form 
adhesions. 

Describe  the  symptoms. 

Unless  peritonitis  follows  pregnancy,  some  operation,  or  some 
noticeable  disease,  the  symptoms  are  more  or  less  vague  and  mis- 
leading. 

It  is  a  febrile  disease;  the  pulse  is  small,  quick,  hard,  and  wiry 
at  first,  becoming  weaker  and  more  feeble  as  the  disease  goes  on. 
The  temperature  varies,  it  being  104°  to  105°  F.  in  the  beginning, 
while  later  it  is  not  so  high.  The  respirations  are  difficult,  short, 
and  thoracic;  the  mucous  membranes  are  reddened,  the  appetite 
is  lost,  the  bowels  are  constipated,  tympanites  is  present.  The  most 
prominent  symptom  is  pain,  which  causes  the  animal  to  become 
uneasy,  move  about,  lie  down  (carefully). 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Usually  grave;  ascites  may  be  the  result,  the  latter  being  rare 
in  the  horse. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

They  are  about  the  same  as  given  for  enteritis.  Eest,  anodynes, 
and  locally  heat  and  moisture.  Cathartics  and  enemas  are  contra- 
indicated. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM.  185 

Define  ascites. 

liydro-peritoneum  is  a  collection  or  accumulation  of  serous 
fluid  in  the  abdominal  or  peritoneal  cavity. 

It  is  rare  in  horses,  but  is  occasionally  seen  in  the  dog. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Ascertain  the  cause  and  remove  it.  Act  on  the  skin,  kidneys, 
and  bowels.    Absorbents,  tonics,  etc.,  are  useful. 

Locally,  blisters;  tapping  possibly.  Good  food  and  exercise 
are  important. 

6.  DISEASES  OF   THE   LIVER. 

The  liver  is  the  gateway  of  the  system,  and  as  it  has  many 
functions  to  perform  it  is  evident  that  functional  disturbances  at 
least,  are  possibly  more  common  than  is  ordinarily  supposed.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  important  organs  of  the  body,  but  on  account  of 
its  deep  situation,  veterinarians  are  often  unable  to  accurately 
diagnose  many  liver  affections. 

ICTEEUS. 
Give  the  synonyms. 

Jaundice;   the  yellows. 

Define  icterus. 

This  is  merely  a  symptom  of  some  disease  of  the  liver,  and  is 
characterized  by  a  yellow  condition  of  the  visible  mucous  membrane 
due  to  the  reabsorption  of  bile  pigment  into  the  blood. 

How  may  jaundice  be  divided  ? 

Icterus  may  be  divided  into  two  large  groups:  (1)  tlie  hepat- 
ogenous form  (due  to  obstruction  of  the  ducts)  and  (2)  the  hcEmatO' 
genous  form  (the  non-obstructive  form). 

What  are  the  causes  of  jaundice  ? 

The  hepatogenous  form  may  be  caused  by  foreign  bodies  within 
the  ducts  (parasites,  calculi),  inflammation  of  the  duodenum  or 
membrane  of  the  duct,  stricture  of  the  duct,  tumors  causing 
pressure. 

The  hcematogenous  form  may  be  caused  by  drugs,  poisons,  etc., 
producing  necrosis  of  the  liver-cells  or  causing  a  greater  destruction 
of  the  red  blood-cells. 


186  PRACTICE   OP   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  conjunctiva  or  the  sclerotic  coat  of  the  eye  assumes  a  yel- 
lowish color,  which  varies  in  density;  in  the  human  subject  the 
skin  becomes  yellow,  which  may  be  occasionally  seen  in  the  lower 
animals,  especially  those  that  are  light  colored.  There  may  be 
certain  cutaneous  lesions,  such  as  lichen,  urticaria,  and  the  like, 
present  in  some  cases.  The  secretions  are  colored  with  bile  pig- 
ment. The  urine  may  contain  pigment,  which  can  be  discovered 
by  means  of  Gmelin's  test  and  other  tests  for  bile.  In  these  cases 
very  little,  if  any,  bile  passes  into  the  intestines,  and  for  this  reason 
the  faeces  are  clay  colored  and  pasty.  Constipation  is  present  in 
most  cases.  The  pulse  may  become  slow,  and  in  some  cases  there 
'  may  be  certain  cerebral  symptoms,  such  as  delirium  or  coma. 

The  symptoms  of  non-obstructive  jaundice  are  obscure. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

We  look  for  the  trouble  causing  this  symptom  and  treat  it. 
Keep  up  the  action  of  the  kidneys  by  diuretics.  Unload  the  portal 
system  by  purgatives,  especially  salines. 

HYPEEiEMIA    OF    THE   LIVEE. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Congestion  of  the  liver;  hepatic  hyperasmia. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  may  be  defined  to  be  an  increased  amount  of  blood  in 
the  arteries  or  in  the  veins  of  the  liver. 

Name  the  forms. 

There  are  two  forms,  the  active  and  tTie  passive. 

Define  each. 

Active  hepatic  hypercemia  is  where  there  is  an  increased  amount 
of  blood  in  the  arterial  system  of  the  liver. 

This  condition  is  seen  temporarily  as  a  physiological  condi- 
tion after  each  meal,  caused  by  the  rapid  absorption  by  the  portal 
vessels.  By  persistently  over-feeding  this  congestion  may  be  made 
to  cause  functional  disturbance.  The  symptoms  of  this  form  are 
not  well  defined. 

Passive  hepatic  congestion  of  the  liver  is  where  there  is  a  dam- 
ming back  of  blood  in  the  venous  system. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  187 

This  is  more  common  and  is  caused  by  an  increased  pressure 
in  the  efferent  vessels  or  sub-lobular  branches  of  the  hepatic  veins. 
It  may  be  caused  also  by  diseases  of  the  valves  of  the  heart;  it  may 
be  associated  with  pulmonary  emphysema,  tumors,  and  the  like. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  liver  is  enlarged,  of  a  deep  red  color,  and  firm  to  the  feel. 
The  hepatic  vessels  are  engorged,  especially  the  central  vein  of 
each  lobule.  On  section,  a  mottled  appearance  is  shown,  due  to  a 
congestion  of  the  hepatic  vessels  and  an  angemia  of  the  portal  vessels. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

There  may  be  symptoms  of  gastro-intestinal  catarrh,  along 
with  a  yellowish  condition  of  the  mucous  membrane,  the  faeces  are 
clay  colored  and  the  urine  contains  bile  pigment.  Seldom  do  we 
diagnose  this  condition. 

If  diagnosed,  what  is  the  treatment  ? 

Careful  attention  to  the  diet  and  the  use  of  saline  purgatives 
may  be  beneficial.  If  the  cause  is  known,  remove  it.  In  chronic 
cases,  moderate  exercise. 

HEPATITIS. 

Name  the  forms. 

Parenchymatous  hepatitis  and  interstitial  hepatitis. 

ACUTE  PAEENCHYMATOUS  HEPATITIS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Acute  hepatitis;  suppurative  hepatitis. 

Define  this  form. 

This  is  an  acute  inflammation  of  the  tissue  proper  (hepatic 
cells)  of  the  liver,  often  proceeding  on  to  suppuration,  which  may 
be  either  circumscribed  or  diffused. 

Altliough  somewhat  rare  in  the  horse,  it  may  occur  in  hot 
climates  and  in  old  horses. 

What  symptoms  are  shown  ? 

It  commences  with  a  chill,  followed  by  fever;  pain  on  pressure 
over  the  region  of  the  liver  (not  well  marked  in  the  horse),  jaundice, 
constipation,  and  possibly  colicky  pains.    The  symptoms  are  not 


188  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

positive.  A  peculiar  symptom  said  to  be  shown  is  lameness  in  the 
off  fore  extremity.  These  cases  may  end  in  suppuration,  and  on 
post-mortem  pus  is  found. 

Outline  the  indications  for  treatment. 

The  treatment  is  symptomatic  and  sustaining. 
The  drugs  to  be  used  are  quinine,  salicylic  acid,  alcohol, 
aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia,  calomel,  saline  purgatives. 

CIRRHOSIS   OF   THE   LIVER. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Sclerosis;   interstitial  hepatitis. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  interstitial  tissue  of 
the  liver,  characterized  by  a  gradual  destruction  of  the  liver-cells 
due  to  an  overgrowth  of  connective-tissue  elements  pressing  on 
them  and  causing  the  organ  to  become  hard  and  usually  small. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

This  is  associated  with  chronic  heart  disease  and  diseases  of 
the  lungs,  which  produces  a  constant  venous  congestion  of  the  liver, 
causing  the  central  cells  of  the  liver  lobules  to  atrophy  from  an 
increase  of  the  connective  tissue  which  takes  place.  In  rickets 
there  is  an  enlargement  of  the  liver  with  an  increase  in  the  con- 
nective tissue  surrounding  the  individual  lobules;  in  old  horses 
it  may  be  due  to  faulty  feeding  (over-feeding).  Melanotic  tumors 
are  often  found  in  the  liver,  especially  in  gray  horses. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  liver  is  usually  smaller,  the  edges  are  sharper,  the  organ 
is  hard  and  diiScult  to  tear. 

The  liver  is  roughened  externally,  and  for  this  reason  it  has 
received  the  name  of  hob-nail  liver  in  the  human  subject. 

It  is  also  called  gin-drinkers'  liver,  because  it  is  generally  due 
to  the  abuse  of  alcohol. 

What  is  the  treatment? 

Limit  the  diet,  which  should  be  easily  digested  and  assimilated. 
Saline  purgatives  to  relieve  the  congestion. 
Internally,   potassium  iodide,   potassium  nitrate,   colchicum, 
digitalis. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  189 


AMYLOID  LIVER. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Waxy  liver;  lardaceous  liver. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

Tliis  is  ofteu  seeu  I'ollowiug  long  standing  suppuration,  either 
of  the  lungs  or  of  bones.  The  amyloid  liver  is  largo,  and  is  solid, 
firm,  resistant.  On  section  it  is  anaemic  and  has  a  semi-translucent 
and  infiltrated  appearance.  If  a  solution  of  iodine  be  applied,  the 
infiltrated  areas  assume  a  rich  mahogany  brown  color.  There  are 
no  characteristic  symptoms  of  this  condition,  and  it  is  only  of  in- 
terest on  examination. 

In  these  cases,  where  the  liver  is  large,  we  should  be  careful 
not  to  mistake  it  for  a  case  of  leucocyth^mia;  in  the  latter  disease 
examine  the  blood. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

There  are  no  specifics. 

Calcium  phosphate,  iodide  of  iron,  ammonium  chloride,  tonics, 
etc.,  are  indicated. 

FATTY   LIVER. 
Give  the  synonym. 

Jecnr  adiposum. 

What  are  the  forms? 

There  are  two  forms  of  fatty  liver,  fatty  infiltration  and  fatty 
degeneration. 

Define  each. 

Fatty  infiUration  occurs  in  normal  livers,  since  the  cells  always 
contain  minute  globules  of  oil.  In  this  condition  there  is  an  over- 
abundance of  fat  in  the  cells. 

In  fatty  degeneration,  which  is  less  common,  the  substance  of 
the  liver-cells  is  destroyed,  and  fat  takes  its  place. 

What  are  the  causes? 

Fatty  liver  may  occur  in  an  animal  that  is  fat,  in  which  case 
the  liver  seems  to  act  as  a  storehouse  of  the  excessive  amount  of 
fat.  It  may  occur  where  the  oxidation  processes  are  interfered  with, 
as  in  anaemia.  Certain  poisons,  as  phosphorus,  produce  fatty  de- 
generation with  a  destruction  of  the  liver-cells. 


190  PPvACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

The  fatty  liver  is  uniformly  increased  in  size,  is  smooth,  blood- 
less, and  looks  pale  or  yellowish;  on  section,  it  is  dry  and  the  surface 
of  the  knife  is  greasy.  The  organ  may  weigh  more,  but  its  specific 
gravity  is  less,  and  it  may  float  in  water. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

These  are  not  definite.  Jaundice  may  be  present  in  some 
cases.  The  stools  may  be  light  colored.  Horses  subject  to  colic 
or  those  that  show  colicky  pains  at  varying  intervals  often  have 
fatty  livers. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Moderate  exercise,  limited  diet,  with  occasional  saline  pur- 
gatives, diuretics,  or  diaphoretics. 


7.  DISEASES  OF  THE   SPLEEN. 

It  is  rare  to  find  diseases  of  this  organ  in  our  animals.  Its 
functions  are  somewhat  obscure,  and  it  being  situated  out  of  our 
reach  we  are  unable  to  tell  its  condition.  Most  all  of  its  affec- 
tions are,  however,  usually  secondary. 

The  organ  may,  however,  become  congested,  inflamed;  it  may 
contain  new  growths,  or,  again,  it  may  rupture. 

Emboli  are  here  found. 


SPLENITIS. 

Define  splenitis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  spleen,  and  is  rare  in  the  horse, 
being  more  frequent  in  the  bovine  race. 

The  spleen  may  become  enlarged,  which  is  often  interesting 
on  post  mortem;  as  in  glanders,  leucocythaemia,  tuberculosis. 

It  may  become  enlarged  during  certain  fevers,  also  in  con- 
junction with  certain  diseases  of  the  liver;  in  the  human  subject, 
in  malarial  fever. 

Amyloid  degeneration  may  take  place. 

What  is  the  treatment? 

Ascertain  the  cause  and  treatment  of  affection  with  which  it 
is  associated. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   DIGESTIVE   SYSTEM.  191 


8.  DISEASES   OF   THE   PANCREAS. 

This  organ  is  coimnonly  called  sweet-bread,  or  the  abdominal 
salivary  gland. 

PANCREATITIS. 

What  is  pancreatitis? 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  pancreas,  and  may  be  acute 
or  chronic,  or  may  be  parenchymatous  or  interstitial. 

The  principal  symptoms  recorded  are  more  or  less  fever,  gen- 
eral emaciation,  and  the  expulsion  of  fatty  excrementitious  sub- 
stances. 

There  is  nothing  positive  upon  which  to  make  a  diagnosis  of 
affections  of  this  organ. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 
It  is  symptomatic. 


SECTION  VI. 
DISEASES  OF  THE  URINARY    SYSTEM. 

DISEASES   OF  THE  KIDNEYS. 

CIECULATOEY    DISTUEBANCES. 

EENAL   HTPEE^MIA. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Congestion  of  the  kidneys. 

Define  the  condition. 

This  is  a  condition  where  there  is  an  increased  amount  of 
blood  in  the  vessels  of  the  kidney. 

Name  the  forms. 

There  are  two  forms — active  or  arterial  congestion,  and  passive, 
venous,  mechanical,  or  chronic  congestion. 

Give  the  causes. 

Active  hypee^mia  is  caused  by  traumatism,  by  exposure  to 
wet  or  changeable  weather,  certain  drugs,  as  cantharides,  turpentine, 
potassium  nitrate,  carbolic  acid,  etc.;  then,  again,  irritating  urine, 
paralysis  of  the  vasomotor  nerves  of  the  kidneys,  certain  poisons 
which  cause  infectious  diseases. 

Passive  congestion  is  the  result  of,  or  dependent  on,  diseases 
of  the  heart,  such  as  diseases  of  the  valves,  diseases  of  the  lungs  in- 
terfering with  the  circulation;  pressure  on  renal  veins  by  tumors, 
or  in  pregnancy  or  from  the  presence  of  thrombi. 

What  symptoms  are  most  prominent  ? 

In  the  active  form,  the  animal  may  be  dull,  but  there  is  little 
or  no  fever,  frequent  urination,  the  urine  being  high  colored  and 
containing  traces  of  blood,  a  large  amount  of  albumin  and  having 
a  high  specific  gravity. 

192 


DISEASES   OF   THE   URINARY   SYSTEM.  193 

In  passive  congestion,  the  symptoms  are  about  the  same  as 
above,  except  being  more  chronic  and  associated  with  cardiac  dis- 
ease. The  quantity  of  urine  is  not  much  diminished,  the  specific 
gravity  very  slightly  altered,  traces  of  albumin,  and  on  microscopical 
examination  hyaline  casts  may  be  seen. 

Give  the  treatment. 

Stimulate  the  skin  and  kidneys;  use  hot  fomentations  over 
that  region. 

A  drastic  purgative  should  be  given,  produce  sweating,  and 
allow  plenty  of  drinking-water,  with  the  addition  of  flaxseed  or 
mucilage. 

Camphor,  digitalis,  nitroglycerine,  morphine,  and  potassium 
iodide  are  among  the  drugs  indicated. 

To  reduce  the  quantity  of  blood  in  the  organs  increase  the 
heart's  action  or  cause  a  dilatation  of  the  capillaries. 

KEPHEITIS. 

What  are  the  forms? 

Parenchymatous  nephritis  and  interstitial  nephritis,  each  of 
which  may  run  an  acute  or  chronic  course.  These  cases  are  rare  in 
the  horse,  or  else  they  are  overlooked. 

ACUTE  NEPHRITIS. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

Acute  parenchymatous  nephritis;  acute  tubular  nephritis; 
acute  Bright's  disease;  acute  diffuse  nephritis. 

Give  the  definition. 

Acute  diffuse  nephritis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  epithelial, 
vascular,  and  intertubular  (stroma)  tissues. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

It  occurs  both  as  a  primary  and  secondary  disease,  and  may 
be  caused  by  exposure  to  cold,  wet  weather,  or  by  certain  drugs,  as 
turpentine,  chlorate  of  potash,  carbolic  acid,  arsenic,  phosphorus. 

Pregnancy  from  jjressure  may  be  a  cause;  also  poisons  of  spe- 
cific fevers. 

Again,  it  may  be  associated  with  such  diseases  as  peritonitis, 
dysentery,  septicaemia,  meningitis,  pneumonia,  etc. 


194  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  cortical  ijortion  of  the  kidney  is  swollen  and  congested, 
pressing  on  the  tubules  and  pyramids,  which  become  reddened  and 
congested,  and  in  some  cases  producing  capillary  hemorrhage  into 
the  pelvis. 

Under  the  microscope,  the  Malpighian  bodies  are  prominent, 
being  swollen  and  congested.  Epithelial  casts  may  be  seen  from 
the  tubules. 

Give  the  symptoms  of  acute  nephritis. 

If  due  to  exposure,  the  symptoms  are  sudden.  Chills  with 
slight  fever  may  be  present.  The  principal  symptoms  are  referable 
to  the  urine,  which  may  be  diminished  in  the  beginning,  high-col- 
ored, containing  blood,  albumin,  and  casts  of  the  tubes. 

On  standing,  a  heavy  deposit  is  noticed;  the  microscope  shows 
blood  corpuscles,  epithelium  from  the  tubes  and  urinary  passages, 
together  with  casts,  which  are  hyaline. 

Anaemia  is  an  important  symptom;  dropsy  is  present,  which 
may  be  slight  or  extensive;  the  pulse  is  hard,  the  skin  dry;  there 
is  a  rigidity  of  the  back  and  a  stiffness  of  gait,  pain  on  pressure  over 
the  lumbar  region,  whether  that  pressure  be  exerted  externally 
or  per  rectum. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made? 

These  cases  are  rare,  but  when  present  the  symptoms  should 
be  sufl&cient  to  enable  a  diagnosis  to  be  made. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

This  varies  with  the  symptoms  presented  and  whether  it  be 
primary  or  secondary.  Death  may  occur  in  a  few  days  or  weeks, 
or  recovery  take  place  within  a  month  or  two. 

Outline  the  treatment  in  acute  nephritis. 

Perfect  rest  is  essential.  Blankets  and  bandages  to  aid  in  pro- 
ducing sweating,  which  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 

Plenty  of  water  should  be  given  the  animal  to  drink  to  wash 
out  the  kidneys. 

Purges  and  diaphoretics  are  to  be  used  to  give  as  much  rest 
to  the  kidneys  as  possible. 

Treat  the  other  symptoms  as  they  arise,  and  if  the  disease  be 
secondary  look  after  the  disease  with  which  this  affection  is  asso- 
ciated.   The  diuretics  to  be  used  are  principally  digitalis  and  stro- 


DISEASES   OF  THE   URINARY   SYSTEM.  195 

phanthus.  Potassium  iodide  may  also  be  of  service,  especially  if 
dropsy  be  present. 

If  anaemia  is  present  give  iron,  tonics,  etc.,  to  build  up  the 
system. 

If  the  animal  be  uneasy,  bromides,  chloral  hydrate,  or  opium 
may  be  of  service. 

CHEONIC  NEPHEITIS. 

What  are  the  forms? 

There  are  two  forms — chronic  parenchymatous  nephritis  and 
chronic  interstitial  nephritis.  The  former  is  not  very  common  and 
not  so  important  as  the  latter. 

CHEOXIC  INTEESTITIAL  NEPHEITIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Contracted  kidney;  cirrhosis  of  the  kidney;  granular  kidney. 

Define  the  same. 

This  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  connective  tissue  of  the 
kidney,  causing  pressure  on  the  secreting  structures  of  that  organ 
with  an  impairment  of  function. 

Give  the  causes. 

It  is  rare  in  the  horse.  It  may  be  caused  by  continued  ex- 
posures, overwork,  or  abuse;  a  highly  nervous  temperament  is  pre- 
disposing. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  kidneys  are  small,  the  capsule  thickened  and  adherent, 
and  in  stripping  it  off,  portions  of  the  substance  of  the  kidney 
are  removed. 

On  section,  the  organ  is  tough,  the  cortical  substance  very 
thin,  the  Malpighian  bodies  and  the  tubal  structures  atrophy  from 
the  overproduction  of  connective  tissue  which  presses  on  these 
structures. 

What  symptoms  may  be  shown  ? 

The  symptoms  are  vague  in  the  horse.  The  urine  is  increased 
in  amount,  is  a  clear  yellow,  does  not  contain  sediment,  and  the 
solid  constituents  of  the  urine  are  diminished. 


196  PEACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

The  pulse  is  usually  hard,  its  tension  is  increased,  this  being 
caused  by  the  obstruction  in  the  kidneys  requiring  the  heart  to  exert 
more  force  to  overcome  the  obstruction. 

Thirst  is  prominent,  irregular  appetite  and  digestion,  skin  hot 
and  dry,  unless  dropsy  is  a  complication. 

What  can  be  done  in  these  cases? 

If  a  diagnosis  can  be  made,  treat  symptomatically,  as  the  dis- 
ease itself  is  incurable. 

Watch  the  bowels  and  skin,  keeping  them  in  the  best  possible 
condition. 

Potassium  iodide,  iodide  of  iron,  small  doses  of  mercury  bi- 
chloride (the  latter  being  supposed  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
new  connective  tissue)  are  among  the  drugs  indicated. 

PYELITIS. 
What  is  pyelitis? 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  pelvis 
and  calices  of  the  kidney.  Pyonephrosis  is  pus  in  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidney. 

What  are  the  causes? 

It  is  rarely  a  primary  disease;  it  is  usually  secondary  to  me- 
chanical irritation  from  calculi  or  the  result  of  an  extension  of  in- 
flammation from  some  of  the  neighboring  parts. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

It  may  be  made  mostly  by  a  microscopical  examination  of  the 
urine,  by  the  presence  of  epithelium  from  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney, 
together  with  blood-cells  and  mucus,  and  in  the  more  advanced 
stages  possibly  pus. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases? 

Rest  for  the  animal,  free  access  to  drink,  and  a  restricted  diet. 

The  drugs  to  be  used  are  potassium  nitrate,  quinine,  together 
with  internal  antiseptics. 

Hot  fomentations  or  blisters  over  the  region  of  the  kidneys 
may  be  useful. 

Define  perinephritis. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  capsule  and  cellular  tissue  sur- 
rounding the  kidneys. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   UKINARY   SYSTEM.  197 

What  is  hydronephrosis? 

This  condition  is  also  called  hydrops  renum,  and  is  an  accu- 
mulation of  non-purulent  fluids,  the  result  of  obstruction,  causing 
a  dilatation  of  the  pelvis  and  calices  of  the  kidney,  with  atrophy 

of  its  substance. 

What  may  cause  dropsy  of  the  kidney? 

It  may  be  caused  by  pressure  from  tumors,  calculi,  blood-clots, 
parasites,  etc.,  blocking  up  the  ureters  and  producing  the  accumu- 
lation of  fluid  in  the  pelves  of  the  kidneys.  This  condition  is 
difficult  to  diagnose. 

Define  nephroptosis. 

This  is  called  floating-kidney,  and  is  a  condition  due  to  the 
kidney  breaking  loose  from  its  position,  being  normally  held  by  its 
capsule,  by  the  peritoneum,  and  by  blood-vessels.  It  is  rare  and 
only  interesting  to  us  on  post  mortem. 

What  is  meant  by  nephrolithiasis  ? 

By  this  is  understood  a  formation  in  the  kidney  or  its  pelvis 
by  the  deposition  of  certain  of  the  solid  constituents  of  the  urine. 

THE  URINE. 

What  are  the  physical  properties  of  the  urine  ? 

It  is  more  or  less  transparent,  of  a  yellowish  color,  is  alkaline, 
neutral,  or  acid  in  reaction,  has  a  strong  and  peculiar  odor,  and  a 
specific  gravity  varying  from  1020  to  1060. 

Describe  and  give   some  of  the  normal   constituents  of 
the  urine. 

Normal  constituents  are  the  result  of  tissue  changes  taking 
place  in  the  body. 

The  inorganic  constituents  are  principally  sodium,  potassium, 
calcium,  and  magnesium  (carbonates,  chlorides,  sulphates,  etc.). 

The  organic  constituents  are  chiefly  urea,  uric  acid,  hippuric 
acid,  etc.,  coloring  matters  and  extractives. 

What  changes  may  take  place  in  disease  ? 

Abnormally,  there  may  be  an  increase  in  the  normal  constitu- 
ents or  they  may  be  present  abnormal  substances.  These  changes 
cause  alterations  in  the  quantity,  color,  odor,  reaction,  specific 
gravity,  etc. 


198  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

How  may  the  quantity  of  urine  be  altered  ? 

The  quantity  may  be  increased  (polyuria);  diminished  (fevers). 
"When  the  animal  perspires  freely  the  amount  of  urine  is  less,  and 
more  when  the  skin  is  chilled. 

What  variations  in  the  color  and  odor  may  be  noticed  ? 

The  color  may  be  changed,  being  dark  brown  or  black  in 
azoturia,  smoky  red  or  brown  when  it  contains  blood,  milky  when 
it  contains  pus,  greenish  or  reddish  brown  from  the  presence  of  bile. 
In  other  cases,  when  the  coloring  matter  is  lessened,  the  urine  is 
lighter  in  color. 

The  odor  may  be  very  strong,  have  the  odor  of  ammonia  or  be 
otherwise  peculiar. 

What  is  the  reaction  of  the  urine  of  the  horse  ? 

The  reaction  of  the  urine  of  the  horse  varies  with  the  kind  of 
food.  It  is  usually  alJcaline,  except  in  the  suckling  foal  and  an  ani- 
mal starving,  when  it  becomes  acid. 

In  disease,  a  change  is  apt  to  occur,  the  reaction  varying  with 
the  individual  case. 

How  may  the  reaction  be  determined  ? 

To  determine  the  reaction  it  must  be  done  soon  after  the  urine 
is  voided,  as  changes  are  apt  to  take  place. 

If  the  reaction  be  alkaline,  it  is  necessary  to  ascertain  whether 
it  is  "  fixed  "  or  "  volatile."  Hang  a  piece  of  red  litmus  paper,  that 
has  been  partly  moistened  with  the  urine,  in  the  air  to  dry;  if,  when 
dry,  the  blue  color  remains,  then  it  is  due  to  a  fixed  alkali  (phos- 
phates or  carbonates);  while  if  the  red  color  returns,  then  a  volatile 
alkali  (ammonia). 

Add  hydrochloric  acid  in  excess  to  the  urine  in  a  test-tube  and 
warm;  if  effervescence,  the  carbonates  cause  the  alkalinity;  if  not, 
the  pJiosphates. 

What  changes  may  occur  in  the  specific  gravity? 

The  specific  gravity  may  be  altered,  being  JiigJi  when  the  quan- 
tity passed  is  diminished:  in  fevers,  diabetes  mellitus,  when  bile  is 
present,  or  when  the  solids  are  increased. 

It  is  loiv  when  the  quantity  is  increased,  as  after  large  draughts 
of  water,  in  polyuria,  when  albumin  is  present,  or  when  there  is 
deficiency  in  solids. 


DISEASES   OF  THE   URINARY   SYSTEM.  199 

Name  some  important  substances  found  in  disease. 

Some  of  the  uonnal  constituents  may  be  abnormally  increased, 
as  urea,  etc.,  phosphates,  chlorides,  etc.;  in  other  cases,  albumin, 
bile,  blood,  sugar,  pus,  epithelial  casts  may  be  present. 

How  are  you  to  proceed  to  examine  the  urine  ? 

If  possible  collect  all  the  urine  passed  during  the  twenty-four 
hours  and  take  a  sample  of  the  mixture. 

Note  carefully  all  the  physical  properties,  and  then  test  for 
special  substances. 

Give  a  test  for  the  phosphates. 

The  earthy  or  alkaline  phosphates  are  discovered  by  heating 
a  quantity  of  urine  in  a  test-tube,  when  a  cloudy  appearance  is 
presented;  this  milky  appearance  disappears  on  the  addition  of 
acetic  or  nitric  acid. 

How  may  albumin  be  discovered  in  the  urine? 

Heat  to  boiling  some  urine  in  a  test-tube;  a  milky  appearance 
shows  the  presence  of  albumin,  provided  it  does  not  disappear  on 
the  addition  of  nitric  acid. 

What  is  the  test  for  bile  ? 

Heat  till  yellow  some  nitric  acid  containing  small  pieces  of 
wood,  and  then  cool;  now  float  some  urine  on  the  cold  acid.  If 
bile  pigments  are  present,  a  green  band  forms  at  the  junction  which 
shades  into  blue,  red,  violet,  yellow  (Gmelin's  test). 

Give  the  test  for  urea. 

n  the  urine  contains  urea  in  excess,  the  rhombic-shaped  crys- 
tals of  the  nitrate  of  urea  separate,  when  nitric  acid  is  added  to  a 
cold  concentrated  solution  of  urine.  This  is  best  appreciated  by 
using  a  thin  layer  on  a  plate  or  watch-glass. 

How  may  blood  be  discovered  ? 

If  the  urine  is  red,  smoky,  or  dark  in  color,  suspect  the  pres- 
ence of  Hood. 

1.  Heat,  about  to  boiling,  alkaline  urine  to  which  potassium 
hydrate  has  been  previously  added,  and  a  red  precipitate  is  produced. 

2.  Mix  oil  of  turpentine  and  tincture  of  guaiac;  now  add  as 
much  urine  as  the  mixture,  shake  carefully,  and  after  a  time  a 
yiuisli  or  greenish  color  on  top  shows  the  presence  of  blood. 


200  PEACTICE  OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

The  presence  of  sugar  is  how  ascertained  ? 

The  urine  is  generally  pale  in  color,  the  specific  gravity  high, 
and  is  more  or  less  permanently  frothy  when  shaken. 

Before  testing  the  urine  for  sugar  the  albumin  should  be  first 
separated  by  rendering  the  urine  very  slightly  acid  with  acetic  acid, 
heating,  and  filtering. 

Give  test  for  sugar, 

1.  Take  equal  volumes  of  urine  and  liquor  potassas  and  heat; 
if  sugar  be  present,  a  yellow  to  a  brown  color  is  presented,  varying 
according  to  the  amount  of  sugar. 

The  odor  of  molasses  is  observed  on  the  addition  of  nitric  acid 
(Moore's  test).  This  should  not  be  relied  on  altogether,  so  that  other 
tests  should  be  made. 

2.  Heat  to  boiling  a  drachm  or  two  of  Fehling's  solution  in  a 
test-tube;  no  change  should  take  place.  Now  add  the  urine  to  be 
tested,  drop  by  drop,  and  if  sugar  be  present  a  green  color  is  pre- 
sented, together  with  a  yellow  or  red  precipitate  of  cuprous  oxide 
(Fehling's  test). 

Other  tests  may  be  resorted  to,  as  Trommer's  test,  Boettger's 
test,  the  fermentation  test,  etc. 

Give  a  test  for  the  presence  of  the  chlorides  in  the  urine. 

Silver  nitrate  gives  a  white  precipitate,  which  becomes  dark  if 
exposed  to  the  light.  The  precipitate  is  soluble  in  ammonium 
hydrate,  but  insoluble  in  nitric  acid. 

How  may  pus  be  detected  ? 

If  pus  be  present  it  can  best  be  detected  by  the  use  of  the 
microscope.  By  the  addition  of  acetic  acid  the  numerous  nuclei 
of  the  pus-cells  are  made  distinct,  so  that  mistakes  ought  not  to 
be  made. 

In  all  cases  when  pus  is  present  in  the  urine  albumin  is  also 
present. 

What  kind  of  casts  may  be  found  in  the  urine  ? 

Epithelial  casts,  hyaline  casts,  granular  casts,  blood  casts,  fatty 
easts. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   URINARY   SYSTEM.  201 


HEMATURIA. 

What  is  understood  by  haematuria? 

This  is  a  condition  or  symptom  of  some  disease,  characterized 
by  the  presence  of  blood  in  the  urine. 

Give  the  causes  of  haematuria. 

This  may  be  associated  with  purpura  haemorrhagica,  hemo- 
philia, leucocythaemia,  the  specific  fevers,  etc.,  or  it  may  be  caused 
by  parasites,  stone  in  the  kidney,  certain  drugs,  traumatic  injuries. 

How  is  haematuria  diagnosed  ? 

It  can  be  easily  diagnosed  by  the  smoky  or  bright  red  color 
of  the  urine,  by  finding  red  blood-cells  by  the  use  of  the  micro- 
scope, by  the  testing  of  the  urine  for  blood,  or  by  the  use  of  the 
spectroscope. 

If  the  blood  comes  from  kidneys,  it  is  well  mixed  with  the 
urine,  or  may  be  in  clots;  from  the  bladder,  it  is  found  at  the  end 
of  the  act  of  urination;  from  the  urethra,  the  blood  comes  just 
before  the  urine. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

This  depends  on  the  cause,  extent,  and  location  of  the  seat 
of  hemorrhage,  whether  from  the  kidneys,  bladder,  urethra. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Look  for  the  cause  and  the  seat  of  hemorrhage  and  treat 
accordingly. 

Hfemastatics  are  indicated,  together  with  cold  to  the  region 
of  the  kidneys. 

Stimulants,  tonics,  good  food,  etc.,  are  usually  required  to 
overcome  the  weakness  caused  by  the  loss  of  blood. 


PYURIA. 

Define  pyuria. 

By  p}Tiria  is  understood  a  condition  with  the  presence  of  pus 
in  the  urine. 


202  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

Give  the  causes. 

It  may  be  associated  with  pyelitis,  pyelonephritis,  cystitis, 
urethritis,  leucorrhoea,  or  abscesses  rupturing  into  the  urinary 
passages. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

Look  for  the  cause  and  location  and  treat  the  case  as  is  required. 


ANUEIA. 

Give  the  definition. 

By  this  is  meant  a  total  suppression  of  urine  from  any  cause. 

What  may  cause  this  condition? 

In  renal  congestion  where  the  urine  is  not  formed;  calculi 
blocking  the  ureters;  various  poisons;  collapse  after  injuries  or 
operations;  nervous  irritation. 

What  symptoms  may  arise  ? 

This  condition  is  somewhat  rare,  although  the  laity  call  our 
attention  to  it  quite  frequently  in  cases  of  colic  or  enteritis. 

It  is  seen  in  spinal  meningitis  and  azoturia,  and  also  tem- 
porarily in  colics  due  to  spasm. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases? 

Purges,  diuretics,  diaphoretics,  antispasmodics,  according  to 
the  indications. 

Locally,  hot  applications,  blisters,  or  liniments  to  the  loins. 

Catheterization  should  be  resorted  to,  and,  if  necessary,  con- 
tinued once  or  twice  a  day. 


INCONTINENCE   OF   URINE. 

What  is  understood  by  this  condition  ? 

This  is  the  opposite  of  the  foregoing  and  characterized  by 
more  or  less  constant  drihiling  of  the  urine. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

It  may  be  caused  by  injury  to  the  spinal  cord  or  some  irritation 
to  that  part  or  other  nervous  mechanism  connected  with  these 
structures,  which  causes  the  urine  to  dribble  away  as  fast  as  it  is 
secreted. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  URINARY   SYSTEM.  203 

Outline  the  treatment. 

The  drugs  iudicated  arc  principally  belladonna  or  strychnine, 
the  former  being  given  until  its  physiological  limit  is  reached. 
Moderate  exercise  may  be  of  benefit  in  some  cases. 

CYSTITIS. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
bladder. 

What  may  cause  the  same? 

Mechanical  injuries,  certain  drugs  or  chemicals;  it  may  be  of 
specific  origin  or  it  may  be  an  extension  from  some  adjacent 
inflammation. 

What  symptoms  are  presented  ? 

The  urine  is  opaque,  may  contain  shreds  of  mucous  mem- 
brane, pus-cells,  and  sometimes  blood. 

By  a  rectal  examination  it  may  be  possible  in  some  cases  to 
find  the  walls  of  the  bladder  thickened. 

What  treatment  can  be  employed  ? 

Wash  out  the  bladder  with  antiseptic  solutions,  as  boric  acid, 
quinine,  bichloride  of  mercury. 

The  animal  requires  rest,  flaxseed-tea  or  other  mucilaginous 
drinks. 

The  drugs  indicated  are  belladonna,  hyoscyamus,  morphine  by 
the  mouth  or  in  suppositories. 


SECTION  VII. 
DISEASES  OP  THE  CIRCULATORY  SYSTEM. 

Diseases  of  this  system  no  doubt  occur  much  more  frequently 
than  veterinarians  suppose;  they  are  probably  overlooked  in  many 
cases,  owing  to  the  deep  situation  of  the  heart,  the  thickness  of  the 
skin,  the  presence  of  large  muscles,  and  the  difficulty  of  obtaining 
results  from  the  physical  signs,  and  to  otherwise  examine  the  heart. 

The  average  number  of  pulsations  per  minute  are  (as  stated 
elsewhere)  36  to  40. 

The  number  of  beats  normally  varies  with  the  temperament, 
age,  work,  etc.  In  the  country,  where  quiet  prevails,  the  number 
of  beats  per  minute  is  less  and  the  arteries  are  more  full,  whereas 
in  cities  the  animals  are  called  upon  to  do  more  rapid  work,  which 
causes  the  number  of  heart-beats  to  be  increased. 

PEEICARDITIS. 

What  are  the  forms? 

Pericarditis  may  be  acute  or  chronic. 

ACUTE  PERICARDITIS. 

Define  acute  pericarditis. 

It  is  an  acute  fibrinous  inflammation  of  the  pericardium  and 
is  characterized  by  fever  and  a  very  rapid  pulse'. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

It  may  exist  as  an  independent  disease,  but  it  is  usually  sec- 
ondary to  such  diseases  as  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  purpura  hsemor- 
rhagica,  and  certain  of  the  infectious  diseases. 

What  is  the  pathology  ? 

The  pathology  is  about  the  same  as  serous  membranes  in  other 
situations;  for  study,  three  stages  are  recognized: 

204 


DISEASES   OF   THE   CIKCDLATOKY    SYSTEM.  206 

First  stage,  or  stage  of  hjpercBmia,  congestion,  or  engorgement; 
second  stage,  or  the  stage  of  exudation  and  effusion;  third  stage,  or 
the  stage  of  absorption. 

There  is  a  dryness  of  the  membrane,  which  is  congested;  soon 
an  exudation  of  lymph  scattered  in  patches  takes  place,  which 
gives  the  dry,  shaggy  appearance,  and  is  called  dry  pericarditis. 

Then  an  effusion  of  a  sero-fibrinous  fluid  is  presented,  with 
flocculi  floating  in  it  and  at  times  mixed  with  blood;  the  serous 
effusion  accumulates  at  the  base  of  the  heart,  where  the  folds  of 
the  membrane  are  loose,  and  as  it  increases  in  amount  it  runs  down 
and  pulls  the  pericardium. 

What  becomes  of  these  products? 

The  watery  parts  may  be  absorbed,  the  fibrine  undergo  fatty 
degeneration,  or  become  organized  and  form  false  membranes  and 
bind  the  heart  to  the  pericardial  sac. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

It  is  generally  preceded  by  a  chill,  followed  by  symptoms  of 
fever;  the  skin  becomes  hot,  there  is  dryness  and  redness  of  the 
visible  mucous  membranes,  and  a  very  high  temperature. 

The  principal  symptoms  are  connected  with  the  circulation 
of  the  blood;  the  pulse  is  hard  and  very  quick,  it  often  being  100 
per  minute,  and  it  is  very  rare  in  the  beginning  of  any  other 
affection  to  get  so  rapid  a  pulse. 

Give  the  physical  signs. 

On  percussion,  in  the  early  stages,  no  change,  while  during 
the  stage  of  effusion,  cardiac  dulness  is  enlarged. 

Auscultation  should  give  some  valuable  results;  early,  when 
the  membrane  is  dry  and  reddened,  a  friction  sound  may  be  heard 
and  at  the  same  time  as  the  beat  of  the  heart  or  the  pulse,  and 
not  influenced  by  breathing. 

It  is  often  hard  to  tell  whether  the  sound  is  intra-  or  extra- 
pericardial.  It  may  be  a  pleuritic  sound,  which  is  more  commonly 
heard. 

During  the  stage  of  effusion,  auscultation  shows  the  friction 
sound  being  lost  (as  the  effusion  accumulates)  on  account  of  the 
layers  becoming  separated;  the  heart  sounds  less  distinct  or  absent, 
and  during  the  third  stage  the  heart  sounds  ai'e  more  distinct  and 
the  friction  sound  returns. 


206  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

This  affection,  as  well  as  many  others  of  the  heart,  requires 
a  good  deal  of  study  and  attention  in  the  equine  to  make  a  diagnosis. 

It  may  be  diagnosed  by  an  increased  dulness  of  area  on  per- 
cussion, the  friction  sound  heard  at  the  same  time  as  the  pulse  beats, 
by  the  rapidity  of  the  heart's  action  being  greater  than  in  any  other 
disease,  and  by  the  area  of  dulness  being  less  than  that  of  pleurisy. 

What  disease  might  especially  be  taken  for  pericarditis  ? 

Pleurisy. 

How  can  you  make  a  differential  diagnosis  ? 

In  pericarditis  the  area  of  dulness  is  limited,  whereas  in 
pleurisy  it  is  greater. 

On  auscultation,  the  friction  sound  in  pericarditis  is  limited 
to  the  area  of  the  heart,  and  is  heard  at  the  same  time  as  the  pulse- 
beats,  whereas  in  pleurisy  it  is  usually  over  a  larger  area  and  has 
no  connection  with  the  pulse.    Pericarditis  often  follows  pleurisy. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

If  the  disease  is  very  intense,  the  animal  generally  dies  in  a 
few  days  from  shock;  other  cases  get  well,  the  exudation  becoming 
absorbed,  but  the  heart  may  remain  weak  for  some  time;  still  other 
cases  linger  along  and  die  from  oedema  of  the  lungs,  while  still 
others  die  from  cardiac  paralysis. 

Give  the  treatment. 

Perfect  rest  is  essential.  The  early  use  of  sedatives,  as  aconiie 
or  veratrum,  to  reduce  the  heart's  action  and  relieve  the  symptoms. 
Opium  is  one  of  the  best  to  keep  the  heart  quiet  and  free  from  pain; 
if  this  does  not  act  well  it  may  be  assisted  by  small  doses  of  chloral. 

Mustard  and  other  irritants  are  contra-indicated  in  the  early 
stages;  warm  applications  are  the  best,  as  blankets  rung  out  of 
fairly  hot  water  placed  over  the  parts,  with  a  dry  blanket  over  that; 
in  some  cases  cold  over  the  heart  region  is  recommended.  In  the 
human  subject,  hot  poultices  are  used,  or  an  oil-silk  jacket,  which 
is  excellent  in  horses. 

Quinine  is  indicated  in  most  all  cases;  after  the  acute  symp- 
toms have  subsided,  and  to  obviate  heart  failure,  digitalis  may  be 
indicated,  which  also  has  a  diuretic  effect.  Alkalies,  as  ammonium 
carbonate,  potassium  nitrate,  often  are  used  along  with  digitalis. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   CIRCULATOKY    SYSTEM.  207 

In  the  human  subject  the  liquor  ammonia  acetatis  and  potassium 
carbonate  are  used  with  good  results. 

After  the  fever  is  gone,  and  an  effusion  is  suspected,  use  iodide 
of  potassium;  also  blisters  externally  at  this  time.  In  man  they 
often  tap,  but  it  cannot  accomplish  any  good  in  the  horse. 

ENDOCAEDITIS. 

What  are  the  forms  ? 

Acute  and  chronic  endocarditis. 

Define  each. 

Acute  endocarditis  is  an  acute  inflammation  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  the  heart  and  that  forming  the  valves,  and  character- 
ized by  a  loss  of  continuity  or  substance  in  the  tissue  of  the  valves 
and  by  the  presence  of  vegetations. 

Chronic  endocarditis  is  a  chronic  inflammation  of  the  lining 
membrane,  characterized  by  a  hardening,  thickening,  puckering, 
and  deformity  of  the  lining  membrane  and  valve  substance. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

Endocarditis  is  seldom  diagnosed  in  the  horse  during  life. 

It  is  rarely  a  primary  disease,  it  being  secondary  to  rheu- 
matism (which  is  rare  in  the  horse),  to  pericarditis,  to  pleurisy, 
to  erysipelas,  to  laminitis,  to  chorea;  it  may  be  caused  by  infection, 
cold,  and  traumatisms. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

It  is  secondary  as  a  rule,  and  the  symptoms  are  obscure  in 
the  horse. 

In  man  this  condition  is  diagnosed  by  the  physical  signs  and 
the  history  of  the  case,  and  even  then  is  difficult  in  many  cases. 

What  is  the  pathological  anatomy? 

The  membrane  becomes  reddened,  followed  by  an  opaque  con- 
dition, and  often  the  epithelial  layer  is  raised  and  lost,  and  the 
membrane  becomes  rough,  and  in  these  places  the  fibrine  coagulates 
in  patches  or  layers,  which  patches  or  layers  are  often  washed  off 
into  the  circulation  and  form  emboli,  which  go  to  the  liver  and 
the  spleen  (rarely  to  the  lungs),  and  there  form  abscesses. 

The  tendency  is  to  the  formation  of  vegetations;  these  warts 
or  vegetations  found  on  the  valves  are  hardened  connective  tissue 


208  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICIJ^E. 

at  the  base  and  at  the  apex  are  cellular  growths.  This  produces 
a  thickening  and  a  contraction  of  the  valve,  and  when  the  heart 
contracts  the  blood  is  forced  back. 

What  is  the  treatment  if  the  disease  is  diagnosed  ? 

There  is  not  much  to  be  done;  perfect  rest  is  important. 

The  following  drugs  can  be  given,  according  to  the  indica- 
tions: digitalis,  aconite,  salicylates,  potassium  iodide,  and  stimu- 
lants in  some  cases. 

MYOCAEDITIS. 

Define  myocarditis. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  muscular  structure  of  the  heart. 

This  condition  cannot  be  appreciated  in  the  horse,  but  it  fre- 
quently occurs  in  the  ox  tribe  from  traumatisms,  and  can  be  diag- 
nosed in  these  animals. 


CAEDIAC  HYPEETEOPHY. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Hypertrophy  of  the  heart. 

Define  this  condition. 

This  is  an  enlargement  or  increase  of  the  muscular  tissue 
forming  the  walls  of  the  heart,  with  or  without  alterations  in  the 
size  of  the  cavities. 

Name  the  forms. 

There  are  three  forms  of  cardiac  hypertrophy:  (1)  simple 
CAEDIAC  HYPERTROPHY,  whcTC  the  walls  are  increased  in  thick- 
ness, there  being  no  change  in  the  size  of  the  cavities;  (2)  eccentric 
CARDIAC  hypertrophy  (hypertrophy  with  dilatation),  where  the 
walls  are  thickened  and  the  cavities  enlarged;  (3)  concentric 
CARDIAC  hypertrophy,  where  the  walls  are  increased  and  the  cavi- 
ties are  smaller;  this  form  is  now  considered  to  be  a  post-mortem 
condition. 

What  is  the  pathology? 

The  normal  capacity  of  the  heart  is  about  one  to  one  and  a 

quarter  pints,  its  average  weight  being  six  and  three-quarter  pounds. 

For  convenience,  we  may  say  that  its  long  diameter  is  ten  and 


DISEASES   OF  THE   CIRCULATORY    SYSTEM.  209 

one-half  inches,  the  antero-posterior  diameter  seven  and  one-half 
inches,  and  its  lateral  diameter  five  and  one-half  inches. 

Before  examining  the  heart  as  regards  dimensions,  soak  it  in 
water  so  as  to  relax  it. 

In  hypertrophy,  the  muscular  substance  looks  darker  and  is 
more  resisting,  it  being  harder  and  more  like  fibrous  tissue. 

There  may  be  fatty  degeneration,  in  which  case  the  muscle  is 
lighter  in  color  and  easily  torn. 

The  heart  often  weighs  twice  as  much  as  normal;  it  has  been 
found  to  weigh  fourteen  pounds  (in  Eclipse),  or  more. 

The  apex  is  broader  in  these  cases. 

How  is  this  caused  ? 

It  may  be  due  to  diseases  of  the  valves,  altered  innervation, 
adhesions  of  the  pericardium,  any  interference  with  the  pulmonary 
circulation,  narrowing  of  the  openings,  prolonged  muscular  exer- 
tion, contractions  or  diseases  of  the  arteries  or  capillaries. 

Give  the  symptoms  of  cardiac  hypertrophy. 

Dyspnoea  is  often  present  as  the  first  symptom. 

There  are  often  symptoms  of  a  passive  congestion  of  the  lungs, 
which  are  apt  to  take  place  in  these  cases  and  cause  the  dyspnoea. 

There  is  an  increased  impulse  to  the  heart,  it  usually  being 
more  bounding  and  full. 

What  are  the  physical  signs  ? 

On  palpation,  the  impulse  is  more  forcible,  the  pulse  is  full 
and  slow;  on  percussion,  the  area  of  dulness  is  found  to  be  in- 
creased in  size;  on  auscultation,  the  sounds  may  present  no  special 
change,  except  the  first  sound,  which  may  be  dull  and  prolonged. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

Eest,  with  any  of  the  following  drugs,  according  to  indications: 
digitalis,  aconite,  veratmm  viride,  iodide  of  potassium,  camphor, 
ether,  caffeine. 

CARDIAC  DILATATION. 

Give  the  definition. 

Dilatation  of  the  heart  is  an  increase  in  the  size  of  one  or 
more  of  the  cavities  of  the  heart,  with  or  without  thickening  of 
the  walls. 


210  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

What  are  the  forms  ? 

There  are  two  forms  recognized,  one  being  dilatation  with 
tJiickening,  and  the  other  dilatation  with  thinning. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

Weakening  in  the  walls  of  the  cavities,  together  with  increased 
pressure,  are  the  main  factors  in  producing  dilatation. 

Changes  in  the  heart  muscle,  adhesions  of  the  pericardial  sac, 
increased  amount  of  blood  in  the  heart,  excessive  work,  valvular 
disease,  and  lung  diseases  are  among  the  causes  of  dilatation. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

Dilatation  is  more  frequently  present  in  the  right  side  of  the 
heart  and  is  usually  associated  with  hypertrophy  of  one  or  more 
of  the  cavities.  Great  distention  causes  an  incompetency  of  the 
valves,  thus  allowing  regurgitation. 

The  endocardium  may  be  opaque,  especially  in  the  auricles, 
and  marked  alterations  are  shown  by  the  use  of  the  microscope. 

Give  the  symptoms  and  physical  signs. 

A  dropsical  condition  may  be  the  result  in  some  cases,  the 
pulse  becomes  weak  and  rapid,  the  breathing  difficult,  and  signs  of 
obstructed  venous  circulation  are  present. 

On  percussion,  the  area  of  dulness  is  increased,  a  condition 
very  difficult  to  determine  in  the  horse. 

On  auscultation,  the  first  sound  is  shorter  and  sharper,  some- 
what resembling  the  second  sound. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

In  some  cases  stimulants,  as  ammonia  or  alcohol;  digitalis  is 
especially  indicated  in  dilatation;  strophanthus  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  digitalis.  Other  drugs  indicated  are  iron,  arsenic, 
strychnine,  morphine.  Purges  in  some  cases.  Avoid  over-exertion 
and  give  concentrated  food. 


CAEDIAC   PALPITATION. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Palpitation  of  the  heart;  irritable  heart. 


DISEASES   OF  THE  CIRCULATORY   SYSTEM.  211 

Define  this  condition. 

This  may  be  defined  to  be  a  functional  cardiac  disorder,  char- 
acterized by  an  increased  frequency  of  the  heart's  action  and  an 
irregularity  of  its  rhythm,  which  at  times  becomes  intermittent. 

What  is  arrhythmia? 

This  may  be  defined  to  be  a  condition  where  one  or  more  of 
the  beats  of  the  heart  are  dropped  {an  intermittent  heart). 

Define  tachycardia. 

Tachycardia,  or  rapid  heart,  is  where  there  is  a  rapidity  of  the 
heart's  action,  which  may,  in  some  cases,  be  perfectly  normal. 

What  is  brachycardia  ? 

By  this  is  meant  to  be  a  slowness  of  the  heart's  action,  and  may 
be  divided  into  physiological  and  pathological  conditions,  the  latter 
being  seen  in  convalescence  from  fevers,  digestive  disorders,  diseases 
of  the  blood  and  circulation,  of  the  nervous  system,  or  may  be  due 
to  toxic  agents. 

What  is  the  aetiology  of  palpitation  of  the  heart  ? 

Overwork,  fear,  excitement,  kicks,  blows,  etc.,  continued  di- 
gestive disorders,  irritation  of  the  cardiac  ganglia,  chronic  liver 
troubles  and  the  like  are  among  the  principal  causes. 

What  are  the  symptoms? 

They  vary  with  the  intensity  of  the  affection;  it  may  be  slight, 
there  being  only  a  fluttering  of  the  heart,  or  in  other  cases  the 
pulsations  arc  increased,  the  beats  are  more  forcible  (they  may  or 
may  not  be  irregular),  the  arteries  throb,  the  respirations  become 
diflQcult,  and  signs  of  great  distress  are  present. 

The  physical  signs  are  usually  negative;  the  sounds  are  clear 
and  metallic  on  auscultation,  and  the  shock  can  be  obtained  by 
palpation.  The  symptoms  may  last  a  few  minutes,  or,  in  other 
cases,  an  hour  or  so. 

How  is  the  affection  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  absence  of  the  physical  signs  of  organic  disease;  by 
the  rapidity  of  the  action  of  the  heart;  by  its  irregularity  of  rhythm, 
and  it  possibly  being  intermittent. 


212    "  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Usually  good,  although  the  real  cause  may  be  difficult  to 
overcome. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

The  drugs  that  may  be  given  include  the  bromides,  veratrum 
viride,  valerium,  camphor,  chloral,  asafoetida,  and  in  some  cases 
digitalis  with  nux  vomica.    Iron  is  useful  in  these  cases. 

Moderate  exercise  and  careful  attention  to  the  diet  are  im- 
portant. 


SECTION  VIII. 
DISEASES  OF  THE   DIAPHRAGM. 

SPASM  OF  THE  DIAPHEAGM. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Thumps;  hiccoughs  in  man. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  s3Tnptom  of  some  affection,  and  consists  of  an  inter- 
mittent and  sudden  contraction  of  the  diaphragm,  characterized 
by  convulsive  movements  of  the  whole  body,  associated  with  a 
(humping  sound,  which  may  be  heard  at  some  distance  from  the 
animal,  or  whose  shock  can  be  felt  by  applying  the  hand  to  that 
region. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

It  may  be  the  result  of  direct  irritation  to  the  diaphragm,  cold 
drinks,  colics,  overloading  of  the  stomach,  inflammations,  espe- 
cially those  affecting  the  abdomen  and  contents;  it  may  be  caused 
by  certain  constitutional  diseases;  it  may  be  of  neurotic  origin,  or 
it  may  be  produced  by  fast  driving. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

The  treatment  seems  to  be  very  unsatisfactory,  but  the  symp- 
tom, in  most  cases,  soon  disappears. 

Among  the  drugs  indicated  are  chloral  hydrate,  morphine, 
potassium  bromide,  camphor,  valerium,  and,  in  some  cases,  stimu- 
lants. 

RUPTURE  OF  THE  DIAPHRAGM. 

What  may  cause  this  condition  ? 

It  is  occasionally  a  complication  of  flatulent  colic,  the  gas 
causing  pressure  on  the  diaphragm,  and  from  the  animal  throwing 

213 


214  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

itself  down  violently,  or  other  violent  movements,  causes  a  rupture 
in  this  partition. 

Punctured  wounds  penetrating  the  diaphragm,  or,  in  other 
eases,  some  change  or  weakness  in  the  substance  of  the  organ. 

Give  the  most  important  and  constant  symptoms. 

These  are  often  indefinite  and  may  be  vague  in  some  cases. 
Difficult  breathing,  intense  pain  at  first,  sitting  on  the  haunches, 
lying  on  the  sternum. 

Soon  signs  of  collapse  appear;  a  feeble  and  rapid  pulse,  ex- 
tremities which  were  warm  become  cold  and  are  bathed  in  a  cold 
sweat;  the  respirations  are  increased  and  labored,  the  eyes  are 
staring,  there  is  an  anxious  look,  more  or  less  uneasiness,  and  death 
in  a  few  hours. 

Is  there  any  treatment  ? 

Try  to  relieve  the  pain  by  the  use  of  opium,  etc. 


SECTION  IX. 
DISEASES  OF  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM. 

What  is  delirium  ? 

The  term  delirium  is  difficult  to  define,  on  account  of  its  being 
so  variously  applied;  in  veterinary  practice  it  is  usually  considered 
to  be  incoherent  acts  of  an  animal. 

Define  hyperaesthesia. 

This  is  a  condition  characterized  by  an  exalted  excitability  in 
the  various  parts  of  the  sensory   apparatus,   that  is,   increased 

sensation. 

What  is  hyperalgesia? 

It  is  a  condition  characterized  by  that  form  of  pain  of  a  part 
designated  as  tenderness. 

What  is  meant  by  paraesthesiae  ? 

By  this  is  meant  those  sensations  which  arise  centrally  in  the 
nerve-fibres  or  centres,  and  are  sent  outward  toward  the  surface  or 
periphery  and  recognized  by  consciousness;  examples  are  pain, 
coldness,  heat,  constriction,  distention,  malposition,  etc. 

Define  anaesthesia. 

This  is  an  interruption  in  the  conducting  power  of  sensory 
nerves  characterized  by  a  partial  or  complete  loss  of  sensibility  in 
areas  of  the  skin. 

COMA.  * 

Define  coma. 

Coma  is  a  functional  condition  characterized  by  a  state  of  un- 
consciousness from  which  the  patient  cannot  be  aroused,  or  is 
aroused  with  some  difficulty. 

What  is  meant  by  carus  ? 

Cams  signifies  that  state  from  which  the  patient  cannot  be 
aroused,  and  is  called  profound  coma. 

215 


216  PEACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE.  * 

What  is  understood  by  sopor? 

Sopor  is  a  moderate  coma,  or  a  semi-comatose  condition. 

How  does  coma  differ  from  sleep? 

Sleep  is  a  physiological  condition,  necessary  to  the  body  as  a 
whole,  while  coma  is  a  pathological  condition  not  benefiting  the 
system,  and  therefore  not  a  substitute  for  sleep. 

Give  the  causes  of  coma. 

It  is  a  symptom  of  certain  brain  diseases,  and  in  many  cases 
is  due  to  a  want  of  the  oxygen  supply  to  the  brain  substance. 

It  may  be  seen  in  certain  of  the  so-called  neuroses,  as  epilepsy, 
etc.;  also  in  certain  diseases  outside  of  the  nervous  system  proper, 
as  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  the  liver,  as  well  as  some  of  the  general 
diseases  and  certain  febrile  affections. 

This  condition  may  be  produced  by  the  use  of  certain  drugs, 
as  chloroform,  alcohol,  opium,  etc. 

What  should  be  done  in  these  cases? 

Look  for  the  affection  producing  this  symptom  and  treat  it. 
When  the  real  cause  cannot  be  ascertained,  a  stimulating  treat- 
ment is  usually  required,  followed  by  nerve  tonics. 

PAEOXYSMAL  VEETIGO. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Staggers;  blind  staggers;  dizziness;  vertigo;  nerve  storms. 

Give  the  definition. 

Vertigo  literally  means  a  turning  around,  and  may  be  defined  to 
be  a  functional  affection  characterized  by  a  sense  of  defective 
equilibrium  with  or  without  change  of  position. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

Among  horses  this  condition  often  occurs  periodically,  the 
animal  in  these  cases  being  termed  "  fitty  "  ;  in  other  cases  the  ani- 
mal may  have  an  attack,  and  never  have  another. 

These  attacks  may  be  caused  by  some  affection  of  the  brain 
and  spinal  cord  or  of  the  eyes;  then,  again,  climatic  influences,  as 
prolonged  heat,  dark,  damp,  and  hot  stables. 

It  is  seen  in  plethoric  horses,  especially  when  not  exercised  suffi- 
ciently, or  horses  used  in  brick-yards,  where  they  travel  in  a  circle; 
being  aboard  boats  or  cars. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  217 

It  may  follow  bleeding  or  the  rapid  delivery  of  a  foetus,  or  the 
evacuation  of  a  large  quantity  of  exudate,  as  from  the  pleural 
cavity,  or  diseases  of  or  pressure  on  the  blood-vessels. 

Ill-fitting  harness,  as  a  tight  collar  or  throat-latch,  producing 
pressure  on  the  jugular  vein,  may  be  a  cause;  then  there  is  an 
hereditary  tendency  in  some  cases,  horses  that  are  high  headed 
(star-gazers),  long,  narrow  necks  seem  predisposed. 

Parasites  in  the  blood-vessels  may  be  a  cause. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

It  usually  occurs  while  the  animal  is  hitched  up;  the  horse 
stops  suddenly,  shakes  the  head  as  though  there  was  a  fly  in  the 
ear,  trembles,  and  may  fall  down,  or  the  attack  passes  off  in  a  few 
minutes.  In  some  cases  there  is  a  tendency  to  run  (termed  running 
staggers);  this  is  when  they  are  liable  to  do  damage  to  themselves 
and  to  property. 

A  second  or  third  paroxysm  may  come  on  if  driven  immediately 
after  the  first  attack. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

By  the  symptoms  coming  on  suddenly,  by  the  condition  of  the 
harness,  etc. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  good  if  no  malformation  or  organic  trouble  exists.  They 
are  all  liable  to  re-attacks. 

What  is  the  treatment  for  vertigo  ? 

DuRiXG  THE  r'AEOXTSM,  keep  the  animal  as  quiet  as  possible 
to  prevent  injury  to  body  and  to  property.  Cold  applications  to 
the  head  are  useful;  bromide  of  sodium  or  potassium  may  be  given. 

Adjust  the  harness.  These  paroxysms  tend  to  pass  away  and 
the  animal  recovers  without  any  treatment.  The  common  practice 
of  scarifying  the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  not  to  be  resorted  to,  as  it 
does  no  good  and  may  produce  a  serious  complication  of  hemor- 
rhage should  the  palatine  artery  be  severed. 

The  after-treatment. — Bleeding  from  the  jugular  is  used 
by  some,  but  can  be  dispensed  with  in  most  cases  unless  there  be 
a  succession  of  paroxysms.  A  full  purge  of  aloes  and  calomel  is 
required,  as  in  many  cases  the  cause  is  intestinal.  Then  treat 
symptomatically. 

Regulate  the  diet,  give  the  necessary  exercise,  and  use  harness 
that  fits  properly. 


218  PKACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

CHOEEA. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

St.  Yitus's  Dance;  insanity  of  muscles;  twitching  disease; 
stringhalt  in  the  horse. 

Define  chorea. 

This  is  a  functional,  non-febrile  disease  of  the  nervous  system 
characterized  by  irregular  clonic  contractions  of  the  voluntary  mus- 
cles, giving  rise  to  movements  not  under  control  of  the  patient. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

There  are  no  definite  lesions.  Some  claim  the  lesions  are  in 
the  nervous  system,  while  others  say  they  are  in  the  joints. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

The  cause  is  unknown.  It  often  attacks  young  and  weakly 
sulDJects,  although  older  animals  are  affected.  It  is  probably  due  to 
some  irritation  of  the  nervous  system.  It  may  follow  punctured 
wounds  of  the  feet. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

In  the  horse,  there  is  twitching  of  the  muscles  of  the  anterior 
extremity,  those  about  the  eyes,  lips,  shoulders,  feet,  etc. 

In  the  posterior  it  has  been  called  stringhalt;  there  is  a 
spasmodic  elevation  of  the  extremity. 

How  may  stringhalt  be  diagnosed  ? 

In  the  stall,  by  causing  the  animal  to  get  from  one  side  of  the 
stall  to  the  other,  or  by  trotting  the  animal  and  turning  around  in  a 
short  space.    This  condition  is  to  be  considered  an  unsoundness. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Usually  unfavorable  as  regards  a  cure,  except  it  be  the  result 
of  a  punctured  wound  of  the  foot,  when  recovery  will  take  place 
in  the  course  of  a  week  or  ten  days.  These  cases  rarely  terminate 
in  death,  but  the  course  of  the  disease  is  somewhat  slow. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

If  due  to  punctured  wounds  of  the  feet,  it  gradually  disap- 
pears by  exercise.  In  other  cases,  if  mild,  the  symptoms  may  dis- 
appear after  being  driven  a  short  distance,  but  return  after  a  rest. 

The  drugs  indicated   are   the  bromides,   chloral,   morphine. 


J 

DISEASES   OF   THE  NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  219  i 

{ 

valerian,  cannabis  indica,  asafcetida,  oxide  of  zinc,  hyoscyamus,  1 

belladonna,  arsenic,  strychnine,  iron.  \ 

CEAMP   OF   THE  PATELLA  MUSCLES.  : 

Give  the  synonym. 
Femoral  cramp. 

Define  this  condition. 

This  is  a  functional  nervous  affection  of  the  anterior  crural 
muscles  principally,  and  characterized  by  tonic  spasm  of  the  muscles 
with  inability  to  extend  the  leg. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

Overwork,  strains,  irritability  of  the  nervous  mechanism  of 
these  parts  are  among  the  principal  causes. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

This  condition  appears  suddenly,  usually  after  standing.  The 
extremity  is  stiffened,  it  appearing  longer  than  its  fellow;  there 
is  knuckling  at  the  fetlock,  the  horse  resting  on  the  toe.  It  is 
difficult  for  the  animal  to  back  and  more  difficult  or  impossible  to 
go  forward;  if  so,  the  extremity  drags,  the  toe  or  fetlock  dragging 
on  the  ground. 

What  is  the  treatment  ? 

This  condition,  as  a  rule,  readily  yields  to  treatment.  A  stimu- 
lating liniment  applied  to  the  stifle  and  rest  for  a  few  days  is  about 
all  required. 

In  some  cases  a  purge  or  laxative  may  be  given. 

Feed  on  bran-mashes,  grass,  etc. 

CATALEPSIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Catalepsy;  hypnotism  of  muscles. 

Give  the  definition. 

This  is  a  peculiar  condition  of  a  stiffening  of  the  voluntary 
muscles,  characterized  by  a  loss  of  power  to  contract  the  said 
muscles. 


220  PEACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

How  is  it  diagnosed  ? 

If  the  extremity  be  placed  in  any  position  it  remains  in  that 
position. 

This  is  a  rare  affection,  but  the  Germans  claim  it  has  existed. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases  ? 

There  is  no  treatment  that  can  be  recommended;  electricity, 
massage,  etc.,  may  be  tried. 

EPILEPSY. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Epilepsia;  fits. 

What  is  epilepsy? 

This  is  a  functional  nervous  disease,  characterized  by  attacks 
of  unconsciousness,  with  or  without  convulsions. 

This  affection  is  commonly  seen  among  dogs,  it  being  rarely 
seen  among  the  equine  race.  It  is  said  to  exist  in  stallions,  but 
only  a  few  cases  are  recorded. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Cold  to  the  head,  bromides,  chloral,  alcohol,  Hoffmann's 
anodyne,  digitalis,  turpentine,  ergot,  tonics,  etc. 

Laxatives  or  purgatives  may  be  necessary  and  beneficial. 

CEEEBEAL  HYPEE^MIA. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Cerebral  congestion;   congestion  of  the  brain. 

Define  this  condition. 

It  is  an  increased  amount  of  blood  in  the  vessels  of  the  brain. 

What  are  the  forms  of  cerebral  congestion  ? 

There  are  two  forms,  viz.,  the  active  form  and  the  passive  form. 

Define  active  cerebral  hyperaemia. 

This  is  where  there  is  an  increased  amount  of  blood  sent  to 
the  brain. 

What  is  passive  cerebral  congestion  ? 

There  is  an  increased  amount  of  blood  in  the  vessels  of  the 
brain  due  to  some  obstruction  of  its  passage  from  that  organ. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  221 

What  are  the  causes? 

The  active  furni  is  seen  among  young  and  plethoric  animals 
which  are  predisposed.  Heat  exposure  ^nth  hard  work;  animals 
kept  in  dark  stables  and  suddenly  exposed  to  light;  certain  drugs, 
as  opium. 

The  passive  form  may  be  caused  by  cardiac  diseases,  lung  dis- 
eases, blood  diseases.  Tight  collars,  etc.,  preventing  the  return 
flow  of  blood  from  the  brain. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

The  brain  substance,  as  well  as  the  meninges,  are  congested 
in  pronounced  cases.  The  color  varies  according  to  whether  the 
active  or  the  passive  form  exists;  in  the  former  a  bright  red  color 
is  present,  while  in  the  latter  it  varies  from  a  blue  to  a  purple. 

Give  the  symptoms  of  cerebral  congestion. 

The  symptoms  are  not  well  defined  and  are  not  constant. 

How  is  the  diagnosis  made  ? 

The  cases  are  rare  in  the  horse,  and  when  they  occur  they  are 
apt  to  be  overlooked,  as  they  are  difficult  to  make  out  on  account 
of  the  symptoms  being  vague. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Good,  unless  rupture  of  the  blood-vessels  occur  or  it  be  asso- 
ciated with  organic  disease,  especially  of  the  heart. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

Keep  the  animal  quiet  in  a  box-stall  with  good  ventilation 
(cool  air). 

Act  on  the  bowels  to  draw  the  blood  from  the  brain.  Assist 
the  purge  (if  necessary)  by  enemas  (stimulating). 

Locally,  cold  applications  to  the  head.  Some  of  the  drugs 
indicated  are  belladonna,  hyoscyamus,  potassium  bromide,  aconite, 
ergot. 

CEREBEAL  AX^mA. 

Give  the  synonym. 

Anaemia  of  the  brain. 

What  is  cerebral  anaemia? 

It  may  be  defined  to  be  a  lessened  amount  of  blood  in  the 
cranial  contents. 


222  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE 

What  is  the  post-mortem  appearance  ? 

The  membranes  are  pale,  the  large  veins  are  full,  the  small 
ones  empty. 

On  section,  there  is  an  absence  of  bloody  points,  the  cut  sur- 
face is  moist,  and  the  substance  is  paler  than  normal. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

It  may  be  associated  with  general  anaemia,  in  those  cases  com- 
ing on  slowly,  or  it  may  be  the  result  of  a  severe  hemorrhage,  or 
may  be  caused  by  pressure  or  thrombosis  or  a  narrowing  of  the 
vessels  in  that  region  or  a  dilatation  of  blood-vessels  in  other  parts. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

Vertigo  or  dizziness  is  usually  present,  there  is  nervous  ex- 
citement, the  animal  going  forward  or  backward;  there  may  be 
twitchings  of  muscles  about  the  head  and  in  some  cases  about 
the  neck. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Unfavorable  as  a  rule,  but  depends  on  the  cause. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Treat  symptomatically ;  build  up  the  system  and  improve  the 
blood. 

Good  food,  light  exercise,  good  hygiene,  and  watch  the  bowels. 

The  drugs  indicated  are  iron,  strychnine,  arsenic,  etc. 

Alcoholic  stimulants  are  useful  in  most  cases.  The  bromides 
and  chloral  are  contra-indicated. 

The  extremities  should  be  hand-rubbed. 


CEREBKAL  HEMOREHAGE. 

Give  the  synonyms. 

Encephalic  hemorrhage;  intracranial  hemorrhage;  cerebral 
apoplexy;   meningeal  hemorrhage. 

What  is  the  definition  ? 

Cerebral  hemorrhage  may  be  defined  to  be  a  rupture  of  one 
of  the  blood-vessels  of  the  brain,  characterized  by  coma  and 
paralysis. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  NERVODS   SYSTEM.  223 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy? 

The  lesions  are  mostly  found  in  the  cerebral  arteries.  Aneur- 
isms are  usually  present.  On  section  of  the  brain-substance,  these 
appear  as  small,  dark  bodies,  the  size  of  a  pin's  head. 

The  hemorrhage  may  be  cerebral,  meningeal,  or  intra- 
ventricular. 

Meningeal  hemorrhage  may  take  place  outside  the  dura  mater 
or  between  it  and  the  arachnoid,  or  between  the  arachnoid  and 
pia  mater. 

The  extravasations  cause  pressure  on  the  adjacent  structures, 
and  unless  the  products  are  absorbed  motor  paralysis  occurs,  fol- 
lowed by  degeneration  of  the  various  tissues-  involved. 

Give  the  causes. 

Injuries  or  fractures  of  the  skull,  rupture  of  aneurisms,  dis- 
eases of  the  walls  of  the  vessels,  overaction  of  the  heart;  this  con- 
dition may  be  associated  with  certain  general  diseases.  Heredity 
comes  into  play,  as  does  age.  In  older  animals  the  vessels  become 
more  brittle  as  a  rule,  and  are  thus  prone  to  rupture. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

Symptoms  of  cerebral  hemorrhage  may  be  divided  for  study 
into  primary  and  secondary. 

The  peimary  symptoms  are  vertigo,  uneasiness,  twitching 
of  muscles,  the  mucous  membranes  injected,  and,  if  the  hemor- 
rhage be  severe,  unconsciousness  and  paralysis. 

In  severe  cases  the  pulse  is  full,  slow,  and  hard;  the  respira- 
tions are  labored,  deep,  and  stertorous;  the  temperature  normal 
or  subnormal;  the  pupils  usually  dilated;  the  eyes  turned  in  their 
sockets;  the  head  turned  to  one  side;  involuntary  evacuations  of 
the  bladder  and  bowels  due  to  relaxation  of  the  sphincters,  and  a 
paralysis  of  a  portion  of  the  body,  varying  according  to  the  situa- 
tion of  the  hemorrhage.    Secondary  fever  is  usually  present. 

The  secondary  symptoms  are  changes  taking  place  in  various 
tissues  along  the  course  of  the  paralyzed  nerves.  The  reflexes  are 
greatly  increased,  there  is  flexion  of  parts  of  the  extremities  with 
loss  of  co-ordinating  power.  Atrophy  of  muscles  may  result,  al- 
though it  is  not  constant. 

How  may  cerebral  hemorrhage  be  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  suddenness  of  the  attack,  by  the  head  and  eyes  being 
deviated  to  one  side,  by  the  subnormal  fever  being  followed  by 


224  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

secondary  fever,  by  the  inequality  of  the  pupils,  and  by  a  paralysis 
remaining  after  consciousness  is  regained. 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  between  cerebral  con- 
gestion and  cerebral  hemorrhage? 

In  cerebral  congestion  there  may  be  loss  of  consciousness,  but 
it  is  only  transient,  and  there  is  no  paralysis  that  is  permanent. 

How  may  coma  of  cerebral   apoplexy  be   differentiated 
from  coma  of  opium  poisoning  ? 

By  the  primary  depression,  by  secondary  fever,  by  the  devia- 
tion of  the  head  and  eyes,  by  the  pupils  not  being  equal,  and  by 
the  signs  of  paralysis. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

These  cases  usually  die  or  are  destroyed.  Mild  cases  may  re- 
cover, with  a  paralysis  of  the  ears,  lips,  etc.,  remaining. 

What  can  be  done  for  these  cases  ? 

The  indications  are  to  lessen  the  amount  of  blood  to  the  part, 
and  thus  stop  the  hemorrhage.  Purges  to  determine  the  blood 
to  other  parts. 

Locally,  cold  applications  to  the  head;  later,  blisters  or  setons 
may  be  indicated. 

Iodide  of  potassium,  colchicum,  etc.,  to  get  rid  of  the  results 
of  hemorrhage. 


CEEEBEAL   EMBOLISM   AND   THROMBOSIS. 

Define  each. 

Cerebral  embolism  is  a  plugging  or  stopping  up  of  the 
cerebral  vessels  by  any  substance,  characterized  by  loss  of  conscious- 
ness, convulsions,  and  possibly  paralysis. 

Cerebral  thrombosis  is  a  partial  or  complete  obstruction 
of  any  portion  of  the  circulatory  apparatus  of  the  brain  with  blood 
that  has  coagulated  in  the  vessels  or  by  any  morbid  product. 

What  are  the  causes  ? 

Embolism  may  be  the  result  of  vegetations  from  the  valves  of 
the  heart  being  washed  into  the  stream,  or  it  may  arise  from  a 
thrombus  or  may  be  the  result  of  a  fragment  of  calcareous  material. 

Thrombosis  is  most  frequently  caused  by  some  vascular  dis- 


DISEASES   OF  THE  NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  225 

ease.     Enfeebled  vitality  and  circulation  and  a  condition  of  the 
blood  to  coagulate  more  readily  are  the  principal  causes. 

How  would  you  distinguish  between  the  symptoms  of 
cerebral  embolism  and  those  of  cerebral  hemor- 
rhage ?  ^ 

The  age  may  aid  us,  as  cerebral  hemorrhage  is  more  likely  to 
occur  in  old  age,  embolism  in  the  young. 

Cerebral  hemorrhage  is  associated  with  diseases  of  the  blood- 
vessels, while  embolism  is  seen  with  cardiac  disease. 

In  cerebral  hemorrhage  convulsions  are  not  likely  to  be  present, 
as  they  are  in  embolism,  while  paralysis  of  half  the  body  follows 
hemorrhage. 

Give  the  differential  diagnosis  between  cerebral  throm- 
bosis and  cerebral  hemorrhage. 

The  symptoms  of  thrombosis  come  on  more  or  less  gradually, 
while  those  of  hemorrhage  are  sudden  and  are  associated  with  loss 
of  consciousness. 

Convulsions  are  present  with  thrombosis,  but  are  localized; 
if  present  with  hemorrhage  they  are  general. 

Conditions  of  depression  point  toward  thrombosis,  while  con- 
ditions of  excitement  favor  hemorrhage. 

In  hemorrhage  the  arterial  tension  is  high;  in  thrombosis  the 
circulation  may  be  stagnant  and  the  animal  debilitated. 

What  are  the  indications  for  treatment  ? 

The  treatment  is  not  satisfactory.    If  the  heart  is  weak,  give 
stimulants  and  digitalis.    Iodide  of  potassium  is  useful. 
Laxatives  may  be  indicated,  but  not  severe  purges. 

ENCEPHALITIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Cerebritis;  meningitis;  arachnitis;  pachymeningitis;  lepto- 
meningitis. 

Define  each. 

Encephalitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  contents  of  the  cranial 
cavity. 

Cerebritis  may  be  defined  to  be  an  inflammation  of  the  cere- 
brum proper. 


226  PEACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

Meningitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  membranes  covering  the 
brain  exclusive  of  the  dura  mater. 

Arachnitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  arachnoid  membrane. 

Pachymeningitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  dura  mater  of  the 
brain. 

Lepitomenitigitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  cerebral  pia  mater. 

What  are  the  causes? 

It  may  be  caused  in  about  the  same  manner  as  congestion; 
it  may  be  the  result  of  traumatism  or  it  may  be  an  extension  from 
some  adjacent  organ;  parasites,  emboli,  thrombi  are  also  among 
the  causes. 

Give  the  morbid  anatomy, 

Cerehritis  may  be  non-suppurative  or  suppurative.  In  the 
non-suppurative  form  there  are  irregular  foci,  more  or  less  rounded 
and  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  distributed  throughout  a  portion  of 
the  cerebral  hemisphere. 

In  the  suppurative  form  abscesses  are  found,  either  single  or 
multiple. 

In  pachymeningitis  suppurative  changes  usually  occur.  The 
dura  mater  is  reddened,  thickened,  and  extravasations  of  blood 
are  found.  The  surface  of  the  dura  is  covered  with  a  fibrino- 
purulent  exudation. 

In  leptomeningitis  the  pia  mater  is  swollen,  reddened,  and  a 
serous  fluid  is  present,  the  ventricles  containing  fluid. 

In  arachnitis  about  the  same  condition  is  shown  as  in  lepto- 
meningitis. 

What  symptoms  are  shown  ? 

Symptoms  of  congestion  are  present  in  the  beginning,  which 
are  usually  vague. 

The  head  becomes  elevated,  the  nose  thrown  in  the  air,  there 
is  a  fixed  and  anxious  expression,  muscular  trembling,  associated 
with  paroxysms  of  fear,  during  which  the  animal  will  run  forward, 
pull  backward. 

The  pulse  becomes  full,  in  some  cases  slow,  while  in  others 
quickened;  the  respirations  are  more  or  less  labored  and  at  times 
noisy;  the  temperature  is  elevated,  being  usually  about  103°  F. 
When  in  motion  they  walk  like  a  partially  blind  horse,  lifting  the 
legs  high,  going  sideways,  pulling  back,  trembling,  etc. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  227 

If  delirium  is  present  they  push  their  heads  against  the  wall, 
kick  and  thrash  about;  the  pulse  becomes  quickened,  the  mucous 
membranes  injected,  the  eye  has  a  wild  look,  and  there  is  heat  over 
the  region  of  the  brain. 

In  the  course  of  twelve  or  twenty-four  hours  symptoms  of 
coma  may  be  shown;  the  animal  becomes  dull,  the  head  down  or 
resting  on  the  manger,  the  legs  in  various  positions,  either  spread 
apart  or  together  under  the  body;  in  these  cases  it  is  difficult  to 
excite  the  animal,  as  the  sensibility  is  diminished.  There  is  an 
irregularity  of  the  appetite  and  the  bowels  are  costive. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

It  is  usually  grave  as  regards  a  cure.  An  abscess  may  form 
and  produce  death,  or  immobility,  hemiplegia,  or  blindness  may 

result. 

Give  the  indications  for  treatment. 

Purgatives  to  determine  the  blood  to  other  parts,  cold  appli- 
cations locally  are  the  principal  indications. 

The  drugs  likely  to  be  indicated  are  aconite  or  veratrum, 
valerian,  belladonna,  hyoscyamus,  and  possibly  stimulants. 

If  wounds  are  present,  treat  antiseptically. 


HYDEOCEPHALUS. 

What  is  the  synonym  ? 

Cerebral  dropsy. 

What  are  the  forms  ? 

There  are  two  forms,  congenital  hydrocephalus  and  acquired 
hydrocephalus. 

What  is  congenital  hydrocephalus  ? 

This  is  an  excessive  accumulation  of  the  cerebro-spinal  fluid 
in  the  ventricles  of  the  brain  or  in  the  meshes  of  the  pia  mater  in 
the  young,  characterized  by  an  enlargement  of  the  head  and  more 
or  less  pronounced  nervous  phenomena. 

Where  is  this  form  mostly  met  with  ? 

This  form  is  seen  at  the  time  of  birth  and  is  apt  to  cause 
difficulty  in  delivery.  It  is  rare  among  foals,  being  more  common 
in  ruminants. 


228  PEACTICE   OF   EQUINE  MEDICINE. 


ACQUIRED   HYDROCEPHALUS. 
« 
Give  the  synonyms. 

Immobility;  the  animal  is  called  a  dummy. 

Define  this  form. 

It  is  a  chronic  disease  of  the  brain,  with  an  accumulation  of 
fluid  in  the  ventricles  and  characterized  by  an  alteration  of  con- 
sciousness, conception,  and  sensibility  of  varying  degree. 

Give  the  causes  of  this  affection. 

There  is  a  hereditary  tendency,  and  thus  the  animal  should 
not  be  bred;  in  these  cases,  common-bred  animals — especially 
those  narrow  between  the  ears  and  eyes — are  the  ones  principally 
predisposed. 

It  may  follow  congestion  or  inflammation  of  the  brain;  also 
tumors  causing  pressure.  Poor  food,  bad  hygienic  surroundings, 
hot  weather,  bad-fitting  harness,  overwork,  etc.,  are  among  the 
causes. 

What  is  the  pathological  anatomy? 

The  convolutions  of  the  brain  are  flattened,  the  depressions 
or  sulci  less  marked  or  obliterated,  the  cortical  substance  dimin- 
ished and  pale,  corpora  quadrigemina,  the  optic  thalami,  etc.,  flat- 
tened from  pressure  of  the  exudation,  the  ventricles  contain  fluid, 
the  membrane  forming  the  walls  of  the  ventricles  is  thickened. 
Continued  pressure  of  the  exudate  causes  an  atrophy  of  various 
portions  of  the  brain,  thus  interfering  with  their  functions. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  symptoms  have  to  be  studied  under  two  conditions:  first, 
.  when  at  rest  in  the  stall,  and,  second,  when  the  animal  is  in  motion. 
When  in  the  stall  there  is  a  disorder  of  consciousness, 
shown  by  the  peculiar  position  the  animal  assumes  by  standing 
diagonally  in  the  stall,  the  head  hanging  down  or  supported  on 
the  manger,  eyes  half  closed,  legs  crossed,  resting  the  heel  of  the 
shoe  on  the  coronet  of  the  opposite  foot,  sensibility  is  diminished, 
the  animal  taking  no  notice  of  the  whip  or  flies.  In  drinking,  they 
plunge  their  heads  to  the  bottom  of  the  trough,  drink  a  little, 
and  then  stop;  soon  the  nose  is  withdrawn  in  order  to  get  breath. 


DISEASES   OF   THE  NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  229 

In  feeding,  the  animal  masticates  a  while,  but  soon  stops,  the  food 
protruding  or  dropping  from  the  mouth. 

At  times  paroxysms  of  fear  present  themselves,  the  animal 
running  forward,  pulling  backward,  etc.,  which  symptoms  soon 
disappear,  the  animal  becoming  comatose  again. 

When  ix  motion  the  head  is  low  down,  the  feet  are  raised 
high  in  the  air,  somewhat  similar  to  a  partially  blind  horse  or  one 
walking  in  water.  At  times  there  is  stumbling,  they  travel  slowly 
or  refuse  to  work,  and  it  is  difficult  to  back  them;  in  backing  they 
drag  the  feet,  often  tearing  up  the  earth. 

Give  some  of  the  general  symptoms. 

The  pulse  is  slow,  often  being  20  or  30  beats  per  minute;  the 
bowels  are  torpid;  the  condition  of  the  body  is  good  (they  look 
fat).  In  hot  weather  they  are  apt  to  have  the  symptoms  increased, 
and  are  liable  to  do  damage  if  vertigo  should  occur;  in  cold  weather 
the  symptoms  abate. 

How  is  the  affection  diagnosed  ? 

By  the  symptoms,  but  in  many  cases  where  the  symptoms  are 
vague  it  becomes  necessary  to  raise  Mood  pressure  by  having  the 
animal  galloped  for  a  time.    This  often  increases  the  symptoms. 

What  is  the  prognosis? 

These  cases  are  chronic  in  their  course,  and  often  remain 
stationary  for  years  unless  increased  by  food,  work,  climate,  etc. 
It  is  very  rare  to  have  these  cases  recover. 

What  is  the  treatment  in  chronic  hydrocephalus? 

Xo  satisfactory  mode  of  treatment  has  yet  been  recommended 
that  will  cure;  these  cases  may  be  relieved. 

Good  hygienic  conditions,  moderate  work,  careful  feeding,  etc., 
are  essential. 

If  paroxysms  of  fear  are  shown,  bleed  or  purge;  then  potas- 
sium bromide,  chloral,  etc. 

Diuretics  and  absorbents  are  beneficial;  colchicum,  potassium 
nitrate,  potassium  iodide,  etc.,  are  among  the  best  known  remedies. 

What  affections  occur  in  which  horses  may  be  found 

down? 

They  may  be  down  and  unable  to  arise  (except  possibly  with 
great  difficulty)  in  paralysis,  myelitis,  apoplexy  of  the  spinal  cord, 


230  PRACTICE   OF   EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

azuturia,  spinal  meningitis,  osteoporosis,  sunstrolce,  fractures,  cerebro- 
spinal meningitis,  or  in  other  cases  the  animal  may  be  a  so-called 
malingerer. 

Define  paralysis. 

Paralysis  ma}^  be  defined  to  be  a  condition  characterized  by  a 
loss  of  voluntary  or  involuntary  muscular  movements  owing  to  de- 
fective innervation. 

What  is  hemiplegia  ? 

This  is  a  form  of  paralysis  characterized  by  a  loss  of  power  of 
many  of  the  muscles  of  one-half  of  the  body. 

What  is  meant  by  crossed  hemiplegia  ? 

Crossed  hemiplegia  is  that  form  of  paralysis  characterized  by  a 
loss  of  power  of  the  muscles  of  one  side  of  the  body  and  those  of 
the  face  of  the  opposite  side. 

What  do  you  understand  by  spinal  hemiplegia? 

Spinal  hemiplegia  is  that  form  of  paralysis  characterized  by 
a  loss  of  muscular  power  of  one  side  of  the  body,  the  muscles  about 
the  head  being  normal. 

Paraplegia  signifies  what  ? 

By  paraplegia  is  meant  a  loss  of  voluntary  power  of  one 
transverse  half  of  the  body,  the  caudal  portion  being  usually  the 
part  involved.  When  the  other  half  is  the  seat  it  is  called  cervical 
paraplegia. 

Define  myelitis. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  substance  of  the  cord  itself,  char- 
acterized by  a  loss  of  reflexes  and  a  paralysis  of  the  rectum,  bladder, 
and  posterior  extremities. 

What  is  apoplexy  of  the  spinal  cord  ? 

This  is  a  sudden  hemorrhage  into  the  substance  of  the  cord 
and  characterized  by  spasms  of  muscles  or  paralysis  and  sometimes 
by  hsematuria. 

Define  polio-myelitis. 

It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  large  ganglion-cells  of  the  anterior 
horns  of  gray  matter  of  the  cord  which  control  nutrition  as  well 
as  motion  of  the  parts  to  which  the  nerves  are  sent. 


DISEASES   OF   THE   NERVOUS   SYSTEM.  231 

What  is  meant  by  a  malingerer  ? 

A  malingerer  is  an  auimal  tliat  is  apparently  simulating  dis- 
ability; the  animal  is  usually  down,  and  will  make  no  efforts  to  get 
up,  even  after  being  whipped,  etc. 

Define  spasm. 

Spasm  signifies  an  abnormal  and  often  violent  involuntary 
muscular  contraction,  with  or  without  loss  of  consciousness. 

How  are  they  divided  clinically  ? 

Into  tonic  spasms  and  clonic  spasms. 

What  are  tonic  spasms  ? 

'funic  or  tetanic  spasms  are  those  where  the  muscular  con- 
tractions are  constant  or  continuous  for  a  measurable  length  of  time. 

Define  clonic  spasms. 

Clonic  spasms  are  those  that  show  the  contractions  to  rapidly 
intermit,  and  may  be  general  or  local. 

What  is  cramp  ? 

This  may  be  defined  to  be  a  tonic  spasm  of  muscles  associated 
with  intra-muscular  pain. 

Describe  reflex  action. 

A  reflex  action  may  be  defined  to  be  a  movement  or  a  secretion 
which  is  the  result  of  the  transformation  of  a  centripetal  im- 
pression into  a  centrifugal  impulse. 

What  apparatus  is  required  ? 

The  sl-in  or  mucous  membrane,  or  deeper  structures,  to  receive 
the  impression;  a  sensory  afferent  nerve  to  convey  it;  a  nervous 
centre  to  receive  and  transform  it;  a  motor  or  efferent  nerve  to  trans- 
mit the  impulse  to  the  muscle,  the  wall  of  a  vessel,  a  gland,  etc. 

Xormally,  many  functions  of  the  animal  body  are  performed 
by  reflex  action;  the  secretion  of  glands,  etc.,  the  movements  of 
hollow  organs,  the  movements  of  blood-vessels,  as  well  as  muscles. 


233  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE  MEDICINE. 


SPINAL  MENINGITIS. 

What  are  the  synonyms  ? 

Spinal  disease;    spinal  fever. 

Define  the  same. 

Spinal  meningitis  is  an  inflammation  of  the  meninges  of  the 
spinal  cord  characterized  by  a  loss  of  power  and  sensibility  of  the 
posterior  extremity. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

The  membranes  of  the  cord  as  well  as  those  of  the  brain  may 
be  hyperaemic,  thickened,  and  ecchymosed.  A  serous  or  purulent 
fluid  may  be  present  between  the  membranes. 

Give  the  aetiology. 

The  cause  is  not  well  understood.  Bad  hygienic  conditions, 
overwork,  excessive  heat,  are  thought  to  share  in  causing  the  dis- 
ease.   Probably  it  is  produced  by  some  specific  organism. 

What  are  the  symptoms  ? 

The  symptoms  vary  in  intensity  in  in-cases  or  out-breaks. 

There  is  a  loss  of  power  of  the  hind  extremities,  it  being  difiicult 
to  back  the  animal  out  of  the  stall  and  in  turning  around;  there 
is  a  swaying  or  staggering  from  side  to  side.  The  legs  cannot  co- 
ordinate properly,  the  animal  drags  the  toe  of  the  hind  extremities, 
and  there  is  a  sort  of  cross-legged  gait.  The  tail  will  be  found  lax, 
and  if  you  raise  it,  it  will  fall  powerless.  If  these  symptoms  in- 
crease the  animal  will  fall  down  and  be  unable  to  rise.  The  tem- 
perature is  usually  about  101°  or  101^°  F. 

With    what    diseases    may    spinal    meningitis    be    con- 
founded ? 

With  infiienza  and  azoturia  principally. 

How  may   spinal    meningitis    be   distinguished  from  in- 
fluenza ? 

By  the  lax  condition  of  the  tail,  by  the  temperature  being  101° 
or  101^°  ¥.,  by  the  dragging  of  the  toe  of  the  hind  extremities  in 
spinal  meningilis  and  by  the  higher  fever  103°  to  106°  F,,  by  the 


DISEASES   OP  THE  NERVOUS  SYSTEM.  233 

absence  of  paralysis,  by  the  swollen  extremities,  and  by  the  stag- 
gering gait  denoting  general  weakness  in  influenza. 

Give  the  differential  diagnosis  between  spinal  meningitis 
and  azoturia. 

See  Azoturia. 

What  is  the  prognosis  ? 

Mild  cases  usually  recover  if  no  complications  arise. 
Severe  cases,  especially  when  down,  are  apt  to  prove  fatal. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Place  the  animal  in  slings,  give  a  purge,  after  which  give 
belladonna  every  two  or  three  hours  till  the  action  of  the  purgative 
is  established.  Aconite  may  be  indicated  and  can  be  given  with 
belladonna. 

After  the  action  of  the  cathariiic,  give  strychnine  in  one-grain 
doses  and  gradually  increase  till  the  physiological  effect  is  obtained. 

Draw  off  the  urine  daily;  give  enemas  to  aid  the  purge,  and 
apply  liniments  or  blisters  locally. 

After  a  time,  exercise  to  tone  up  the  muscles. 


SECTION  X. 

INTOXICATIONS. 

SUNSTEOKE. 

What  are  the  synonyms? 

Insolation;  thermic  fever;  heat  stroke;  heat  exhaustion. 

Define  the  same. 

By  this  we  mean  a  condition  caused  by  the  exposure  to  ex- 
cessive heat  characterized  by  certain  nervous  phenomena. 

How  many  varieties,  and  what  are  they  ? 

There  are  two  varieties,  sunstroke  proper,  or  thermic  fever,  due 
to  the  direct  exposure  to  the  sun's  rays,  especially  during  active 
exercise  or  work. 

The  other  variety  is  called  heat-stroJce  or  heat-exhaustion,  which 
occurs  after  being  subjected  to  prolonged  intense  heat,  either  of 
the  sun's  rays  or  of  artificial  heat. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

The  symptoms  of  sunstroTce  come  on  more  or  less  suddenly  dur- 
ing exposure  to  the  sun;  perspiration  ceases,  there  is  dyspnoea  or 
difficult  breathing,  the  animal  staggers  and  may  fall  down,  being 
unable  to  rise. 

The  pulse  becomes  weak,  the  temperature  rises  to  104°,  107°, 
or,  in  some  cases,  110°  F. 

The  animal  becomes  more  or  less  insensible,  the  bowels  .con- 
stipated, the  urine  scanty,  but  the  reflexes  are  usually  preserved. 

In  some  cases  cerebral  symptoms  predominate  and  are  some- 
what similar  to  apoplexy. 

The  pupils  become  insensible  to  light,  the  vessels  of  the  head 
and  neck  are  full,  the  respirations  become  labored  and  stertorous, 
the  pulse  labored  and  full,  and  convulsions  may  take  place. 

The  symptoms  of  heat-exhaustion  are  those  of  weakness;  there 

234 


INTOXICATIONS.  235 

is  a  feeble  pulse,  the  respirations  are  quickened,  but  are  free;  the 
temperature  is  not  so  high. 

What  is  the  morbid  anatomy  ? 

Kigor  mortis  occurs  early,  and  putrefactive  changes  develop 
very  rapidly. 

The  venous  engorgement  is  extreme,  especially  in  the  cerebrum. 

The  left  ventricle  is  contracted  and  the  right  dilated. 

The  blood  is  usually  fluid,  the  lungs  congested,  and  changes 
occur  in  the  tissue  proper  of  the  liver  and  kidneys. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

Favorable  indications  are  the  recovery  of  consciousness  and  a 
fall  in  the  temperature  and  increase  in  the  amount  of  strength. 

Laminitis,  congestion  of  the  lungs,  colic,  etc.,  may  be  the 
sequelae. 

How  is  this  condition  diagnosed  ? 

It  is  well  for  us  to  differentiate  between  heat-exhaustion  and 
thermic  fever. 

In  solar  exhaustion  the  skin  is  moist,  pale,  and  cool;  the  res- 
pirations are  easy  and  accelerated,  the  pulse  is  soft  and  small,  the 
vital  forces  show  temporary  depression,  and  the  senses  remain 
intact. 

Whereas  in  sunstrol-e  there  are  usually  unconsciousness  and 
pyrexia. 

Thermic  fever  is  recognized  by  the  history  of  exposure,  the 
high  temperature,  dryness  of  the  skin,  the  suddenness  of  the  attack, 
the  reflexes  being  normal,  and  the  absence  of  paralysis. 

Outline  the  treatment. 

Keep  the  animal  in  a  cool  place  out  of  the  direct  rays  of  the 
sun,  and  keep  him  as  quiet  as  possible. 

Cold  applications  to  the  head  or  the  body,  and  cold  injections 
per  rectum. 

Stimulants  may  be  necessary,  the  use  of  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
etc.;  also  brandy  hypodermically  may  be  indicated. 

Ether,  chloroform,  in  some  cases  chloral  hydrate,  especially 
where  cerebral  s}Tiiptoms  predominate,  to  quiet  the  animal. 

Belladonna  to  combat  congestion,  quinine  to  reduce  the  fever, 
and  nux  vomica  to  tone  up  the  nerves  are  often  beneficial. 

The  use  of  purgatives,  or,  in  some  cases,  bleeding. 


236  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 


AZOTUEIA. 

Name  the  synonyms. 

Haemoglobinuria;  haemoglobinaeinia;  spinal  typhus;  rheu- 
matic paraplegia. 

Give  the  definition. 

Azoturia  comes  from  azot,  meaning  nitrogen,  and  uria,  signify- 
ing urine. 

It  is  a  hypemitrogenized  condition  of  the  blood,  characterized 
by  dark-colored  urine  and  a  peculiar  dropping  of  the  posterior 
extremity,  with  knuckling  at  the  fetlock. 

What  is  the  aetiology? 

There  are  several  theories  as  regards  the  cause  of  this  disease; 
some  say  the  liver  is  at  fault,  others  the  skin  and  kidneys,  others 
the  nerves;  probably  the  German  theory  is  the  best,  they  claiming 
that  the  increased  amount  of  nitrogen  comes  from  the  muscles,  due 
to  irritation  of  the  nerves,  producing  tissue  changes.  Too  much 
nitrogenous  food  and  no  exercise. 

It  is  not  infrequently  met  with,  especially  in  the  city,  among 
the  heavy  truck  horses.  It  is  seen  usually  during  the  cold  weather 
immediately  following  holidays  when  the  animals  are  kept  in  the 
stable  for  a  day  or  so  and  fed  the  same  amount  and  kind  of  food 
as  if  they  were  working. 

Give  the  symptoms. 

When  taken  out  of  the  stable  they  feel  good,  kick  up,  and  the 
driver  can  hardly  hold  them. 

Usually,  after  driving,  for  say  half  a  mile  or  so,  the  horse  be- 
comes lame  behind,  knuckles  over,  falls  down,  and  cannot  get  up. 

Or,  in  other  animals,  they  get  lame,  sweat  freely,  become  un- 
easy, looking  around  at  their  belly,  and  you  think  they  have  colic; 
but,  if  you  attempt  to  move  them,  you  see  there  is  the  loss  of 
power  of  one  leg,  vnth  knuckling  over  at  the  fetlock;  the  driver 
often  suspects  the  horse  has  picked  up  a  nail.  This  is  one  of  the 
principal  symptoms,  that  of  Imuchling  over,  and  also  the  peculiar 
falling  of  tlie  hip. 

Another  thing  is  to  look  at  the  cramped  condition  of  the 
gluteal  muscles;  they  are  hard  and  appear  swollen,  and  often  you 
see  a  deep  depression  on  the  median  line. 


INTOXICATIONS.  237 

If  there  is  any  doubt  about  the  diagnosis,  examine  the  urine, 
which  is  generally  dark  in  color,  being  of  a  brownish  coffee  color, 
or,  in  some  cases,  an  intense  black. 

The  pulse  is  full  and  quickened,  the  mucous  membranes  in- 
jected, the  temperature  102°  to  103°  F.  (from  excitement),  and 
the  respirations  are  apt  to  be  increased  in  number. 

How  may  it  be  diagnosed  ? 

This  is  made  by  the  history  of  the  case,  of  the  animal  standing 
in  a  few  days  and  being  well  fed. 

It  usually  occurs  in  large  truck  horses. 

The  knuckling  over  of  the  hind  ankle,  first  one,  and  then  both, 
and  the  coffee-colored  urine. 

Horse  may  be  down,  but  remember  the  various  other  affections 
in  which  the  decubital  position  is  a  symptom. 

With  what  disease  may  azoturia  be  confounded  ? 

It  may  be  mistaken  for  spinal  meningitis,  colic,  and  fractures 
principally. 

How  may  it  be  differentiated  from  spinal  meningitis  ? 

In  azoturia  there  is  a  cramp  or  tonic  spasm  of  the  gluteal 
muscles,  while  in  spinal  meningitis  there  is  a  loss  of  power  of  the 
muscles. 

In  azoturia  there  is  an  inability  to  bear  weight;  in  spinal  menin- 
gitis weight  can  be  sustained,  but  there  is  a  lack  of  muscular  power 
to  perform  co-ordinate  movement  of  the  extremities. 

In  azoturia  there  is  a  peculiar  dropping  of  one  extremity,  with 
knuckling  at  the  fetlock,  while  in  spinal  meningitis  there  is  a 
dragging  of  the  toe  and  swaying  of  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
body. 

In  azoturia  the  temperature  varies,  averaging  about  103°  to 
103°  F.,  while  in  spinal  meningitis  it  is  usually  101°  or  101^°  F. 

In  azoturia  the  tail  has  not  lost  its  power,  while  in  spinal 
meningitis  the  tail  is  limp  (has  no  power). 

What  is  the  differential  diagnosis  between  azoturia  and 
colic  ? 

In  both  cases  the  animal  may  be  down,  but  in  colic  they  are 
able  to  get  up  and  stand  up,  do  not  knuckle  over  at  the  fetlock, 
and  the  urine  is  not  coffee-colored,  as  in  azoturia. 


238  PRACTICE   OF  EQUINE   MEDICINE. 

How  may  azoturia  be  differentiated  from  fractures? 

By  a  careful  examination  and  manipulation  of  the  parts  and 
discovering  the  crepitation. 

Give  the  prognosis. 

21ie  prognosis  is  variable  and  depends  on  the  time  and  place 
as  well  as  the  condition  of  the  animal. 

If  the  animal  is  down,  very  uneasy,  having  symptoms  of  de- 
lirium, then  the  prognosis  is  grave.  In  other  cases  the  animal  re- 
mains standing,  the  case  looks  favorable,  but  soon  the  patient  gets 
weak,  falls  down,  thrashes  around,  and  is  either  destroyed  or  dies. 

In  other  cases  the  animal  remains  quiet  (either  standing  or 
down),  the  medicines  seem  to  act  well,  and  the  horse  recovers. 

The  prognosis  should  always  be  guarded,  as  85  or  90  per  cent, 
of  severe  cases  die.  The  color  of  the  urine  may  be  a  guide,  the 
darker  the  urine  the  more  grave  the  prognosis,  as  a  rule. 

Give  the  treatment. 

There  is  no  remedy,  as  yet,  that  has  given  satisfaction. 

Bleeding  has  been  recommended,  and,  theoretically,  it  would 
seem  to  be  indicated,  but,  practically,  it  is  difficult  to  do,  as  the 
animals  are  often  down  and  thrashing  about. 

Bleeding,  however,  relieves  the  pressure  on  the  blood-vessels, 
and  the  rrmedial  agents  in  the  alimentary  tract  will  be  more  readily 
taken  up. 

These  animals  are  generally  uneasy;  they  get  up  on  their 
front  feet,  bang  their  head  on  the  floor,  and  thrash  about;  in  these 
cases  we  usually  give  chloral  hydrate  to  quiet  them. 

The  next  indication  is  to  unload  the  bowels  by  a  full  dose  of 
aloes  with  calomel. 

This  should  be  followed  by  diuretics,  as  nitrate  of  potassium 
or  colchicum,  or  a  combination  of  these.  Many  advise  strychnine 
and  other  nerve-stimulants  when  the  acute  symptoms  have  sub- 
sided. 

Enemas  may  be  given  to  assist  the  action  of  the  purge. 

Another  remedy  recommended  by  the  Germans  is  eserine  given 
in  the  trachea. 

Shall  we  use  slings  ? 

This  depends  a  good  deal  on  the  people  that  we  come  in  con- 
tact with. 


INTOXICATIONS.  239 

The  majority  of  cases  die  anyway,  and  many  of  our  clients 
■vrill  not  be  satisfied  unless  we  at  least  try  to  sling  these  animals. 

The  rule  is  that  it  is  best  not  to  sling,  except  in  some  of  the 
milder  cases,  where  the  animal  is  partially  able  to  stand.  They 
generally  sag  in  the  slings,  break  out  in  a  sweat,  thrash  around, 
break  the  slings  possibly,  and  you  have  to  let  them  down. 

The  cases  often  make  a  complete  recovery  in  four  or  five  days. 

Often  they  may  not  die,  but  are  apt  to  have  paralysis  of  the 
muscles  of  one  leg.  The  anterior  crural  nerve  is  paralyzed,  causing 
atrophy  of  the  muscles  in  that  region,  and  they  have  a  peculiar 
motion — a  dropping  of  that  extremity. 

The  affection  usually  commences  in  one  leg  and  may  gradually 
include  the  other,  that  is,  affecting  both. 

Always  examine  the  urine,  which  should  be  drawn  off  with 
a  catheter  at  least  once  in  twenty-four  hours.  In  some  cases  there 
may  be  a  spasm  of  the  muscles  of  the  penis,  which  renders  it  al- 
most impossible  to  introduce  a  catheter.  In  these  cases  introduce 
the  arm  into  the  rectum  and  cause  pressure  on  the  bladder;  this 
will  often  enable  you  to  draw  down  the  penis  and  introduce  the 
catheter,  or  it  may  cause  an  evacuation  of  bladder  without  using 
the  catheter.  The  urine  may  be  so  thick  that  it  will  not  run.  Theo- 
retically, it  would  seem  that  the  bladder  should  be  washed  out  with 
warm  water  containing  boric  acid,  quinine,  bichloride  of  mercury, 
etc.,  and  it  may  be  good  practically. 

Hot  blankets  over  the  loins  may  do  some  good,  but  blisters, 
etc.,  do  harm  in  the  beginning. 

Keep  animal  as  quiet  as  possible,  give  a  good  soft  bed,  soft 
feed,  and  plenty  of  water,  and  turn  the  animal  from  side  to  side 
once  or  twice  during  twenty-four  hours  to  avoid  bed-sores. 


APPENDIX. 


PKESCEIPTIONS  USED  IN  EQUINE  PKACTICE. 


COLIC   BALL. 

I.    Pulveris  opii, 

PLxtracti  belladonnae  folii..aa  3  j. 
rulveris  zingiberis  radicis, 
Bisinuthi  subnitratis aa  3  Jj- 

Misce  et  fiat  l)()lu8. 

Sig.  :  Give,  and  repeat  if  necessary. 

Good  if  diarrhoea  is  present. 


CHRONIC   DIARRHCEA. 

9 .    Ferri  sulphatis ^  j. 

Pulveris  nucis  vomicae 3  i^'- 

Bisniuthi  subcarbouatis 3  ij. 

Sodii  bicarbonatis |  iss. 

Misce  et  fiant  capsulae,  No.  viij. 
Sig.  :  One,  night  and  morning.     Al- 
low the   animal  to  drink  at  least  one 
hour  before  driving. 


FEVER   PILLS. 

I .    Quininae  sulphatis §  j. 

Pulveris  hydrastis  Canadensis, 
Pulveris  nucis  vomicfe.  . .  .aa  3  ij. 
Pulveris  zingiberis  radicis.  . .   §  ss 

Misce  et  fiant  capsulte.  No.  iv. 

Sig.  :  One  every  three  hours. 


SUPERPURGATION. 


9. 


.aa  3  88. 


Pulveris  opii, 

Catechu  pulveris .... 

Aluminis, 

Pulveris  zingiberis  radicis. .aa  3  ]'• 
Misce  et  fiat  capsula. 
Sig.  :  Give  at  once  and,  if  necessary, 
repeat  in  two  or  three  hours. 


TONIC  PILLS. 

I .    Strychniae  sulphatis 

Extracti  belladonna'  folii. . 

Pulveris  gentian:e  radicis.. 
Misce  et  fiant  piluhe.  No.  viij. 
Sig. :  One,  three  times  a  day. 


gr.  IV. 

3iv. 
3J- 


STIMULANT   PILLS. 

R.    Ammonias  carbonatis |j. 

Pulveris  digitalis  folii, 

Nucis  vomica?  pulveris. . .  .aa  3  ij. 

Syrupi  fusci q.  s. 

Misce  et  fiant  boli,  No.  iv. 
Sig.  :  One  pill  every  three  hours.     If 
tiie  heart  is  weak,  may  be  beneficial  in 
broncliitis,  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  influ- 
enza, etc. 


PURGING  BALL. 

R.    Aloes  Barbadensis 3  viss. 

Hydrargyri  chloridi  mitis..  3  j. 

Extracti  belladonnae 3  ss. 

Pulveris  zingiberis  radicis. .  |  ss. 
Misce  et  fiat  bolus. 

Sig.  :  Give  after  having  the  horse 
prepared  by  dieting. 

The  amount  of  aloes  varies  with  the 
case,  the  size  of  the  horse,  ete. 


COUGH  POWDERS. 


R 


Asclepiadis  tubcrosae, 

Potassii  nitratis aa  |  iv. 

Antimonii  et  potassii  tartratis .  3  iv. 
Misce  et  fiat  pulvis ;  divide  in  chartu- 
las.  No.  viij. 

Sig.  :  One  powder  two  or  three  times 
a  day. 

May  be  used  in  chronic  bronchitis, 
laryngitis. 


DILTIETIC   POWDERS. 

R  .    Potassii  nitratis §  viij. 

Potassii  iodidi, 

Pulveris  colchici  seminis.aa  ^  ss. 
Misce  et  fiant  pulveres,  No.  viij. 
Sig.  :  One  powder  every  three  hours, 
in  food  or  drinking-water. 

Useful  in  laminitis,  lymphangitis, 
pleurisy,  influenza,  puri)ura  ha-mor- 
rhagica. 


241 


242 


APPENDIX. 


FEVER  BALLS. 

9 .    Antimonii  et  potassii  tartratis, 

Camphorae  gummi aa  3  ij. 

Potassii  nitratis |  iv. 

Massae  communis q.  s. 

Misce  et  fiant  boli,  No.  iv. 
Sig.  :  Give   one  at  once  and  repeat 
when  necessary. 


FLATULENT   COLIC. 

3  .    Pulveris  carbonis  liqni §  j. 

Sodii  bicarbonatis 3  iv. 

Bismuthi  subcarbonatis 3  ij. 

Pulveris  capsici 3  j . 

Misce  et  fiant  capsulae,  No.  ij. 
Sig. :  Give  one,  and  repeat  if  neces- 
sary. 


COLIC  BALL. 

B  •    Chloralis  hydratis ^j. 

Pulveris  lobelias 3  ss. 

Glyceriti  amyli q.  s. 

Misce  et  fiat  bolus. 
Sig.  :  Give  at  once ;  can  repeat  in 
half  an  hour,  if  necessary. 


ACIDITY  OF   STOMACH. 


?• 


Sodas  bicarbonatis, 
Pulveris  gentiauce  radicis, 
Pulveris  zingiberis  radicis.. aa  §  "j. 

Pulveris  capsici 3  j. 

Bismuthi  subcarbonatis 3  vj. 

Misce  et  fiat  pulvis  in  scatula. 

Sig. :  Half  ounce  in  feed,   two  or 
three  times  a  day. 

Useful  after  colic  due  to  indigestion. 


ALTERATIVE   POWDER. 


5 


Sulphuris  pulveris 1  iij. 

Potassii  nitratis, 

Potassii  bitartratis aa  ^  ij. 

Antimonii  nigrje 3  j. 

Misce  et  fiant  pulveres,  No.  viij. 

Sig.  :  One  powder  two  or  three  times 
a  day. 


DRYING   POWDER. 

3 .    Zinci  sulpbatis, 

Aluminis  pulveris aa  ^  ij. 

Sanguinarias  radicis |  ss. 

Misce  et  fiat  pulvis  in  scatula. 
Sig.  :  Wash   sore   and   dust   on  the 
powder. 

Good  for  summer  sores. 


DRYING  POWDER. 

5.    Carbonis  animalis |  ij. 

Hydrastis  Canadensis, 

Aluminis aa  §  ss. 

Misce  et  fiat  pulvis. 

Sig.  :  After  washing  the  sore  sprinkle 
on  the  powder. 

Useful  in  superficial  wounds  where 
dressings  cannot  be  applied. 


ELECTUARY. 


5 


Potassii  chloratis, 

Pulveris  extracti  belladonnae 

f olii aa  5  88. 

Pulveris  glycyrrhizte  radicis.  .  |  ij. 

Syrupi  fusci q.  s. 

Misce  et  fiat  electuarium. 
Sig. :  A  drachm   or  two  on  tongue 
three  or  four  times  a  day. 
Good  in  laryngitis,  etc. 


ELECTUARY. 

^■.    Camphorae  gummi, 

Extracti  belladonnae  folii.  .aa  5  ]• 

Ipecacuanhae 5  iss. 

Massae  communis §  iv. 

Misce  et  fiat  electuarium. 
Sig.  :  Half  ounce  on  tongue  three  or 
four  times  a  day. 

Used  for  troublesome  cough. 


COLIC   MIXTURE. 

B .    Extracti  cannabis  Indicae  fluidi, 
Extracti  belladonnje  fluidi, 
Fluidi  extracti  zingiberis  ra- 
dicis   aa  3  iij. 

Spiritus  aetheris  nitrosi 5  iij- 

Alcoholis  diluti q.  s.  ad  |  vi. 

Misce  et  fiat  mistura. 
Sig.  :  Give    one  ounce  with  syringe 
and  repeat  in  twenty  minutes  or  half 
hour,  according  to  indications. 


FEVER   MIXTURE. 

5 .   Quininae  sulphatis |  j. 

Acidi  hydrochlorici  diluti..  .  f  5  j- 
TincturiB  nucis  vomiccc, 

Tincturae  capsici aa  ^  ss. 

Spiritus  frumenti |  iv. 

Aqu£e q.  8.  ad  I  viij. 

Misce  et  fiat  mistura. 
Sig.  :  One  ounce  every  three  hours 
(given  with  syringe). 


PRESCRIPTIONS  USED  EN  EQUINE  PRACTICE. 


243 


MIXTURE  FOR  DROPSY. 

R.    Extracti  nueis  vomicse  fluidi. 
Extract!  fluidi  colchici  semi- 

nis a^  3  j- 

Olei  terebinthiniu I'lv. 

Spiritus  viai  rectificati 3  vj . 

Aquae q.  s.  ad  3  xij. 

Misce  et  fiat  inistura. 
Sig.  :  One  ounce  every  three  or  four 
hours. 

Dose  Tariea  from   half-ounce  to  an 
ounce. 

Good  in  purpura  hajmorrhagica,  azo- 
turia,  etc. 


FOR  PULMONARY  EMPHYSEMA. 

R.    Potassii  iodidi ^  j. 

Strychninic  sulphatis gr.  riij. 

Liquoris  potassse  arsenitis.  3  viij. 

Aquae q.  s.  ad  Oj. 

Misce  et  fiat  mistura. 

Sig.  :  One  ounce  three  times  a  day. 


ACUTE   BRONCHITIS. 

R.    Antimonii  et  potassii  tartra- 

ti8.. !J. 

Liquoris  ammonii  acetatis . .  5  viij. 

Spiritus  tetheris  nitrosi |  vj. 

Tincture  aconiti 3  iss- 

Aquae q.  s.  ad  Oj. 

Misce  et  fiat  mistura. 
Sig.  :  One  ounce  ever}'  two  or  three 
hours. 


LOTION  (ANODYNE  AND  ASTRIN- 
GENT). 

R.   Liquoris  plumhi  subacetatis.  ^ij. 
Tinctiirae  arnicje, 

Tincturai  opii aa  §  j. 

Aquae ad  3  xij. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Useful   for   fresh  bruises,   wounds, 
sprains,  etc. 


PARASITICIDE. 

R .    Hydrargyri  bichloridi 3  ss. 

Alcoholis 3  vi. 

Aquae q.  s.  adOj. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Sig.  :  After  washing  to  soften  and 
remove  the  scabs,  apply.  If  it  irritates 
too  much,  stop  and  apply  sweet  oil, 
vaseline,  etc. 

May  be  used  for  ringworm,  favus, 
scabies,  etc. 


TONIC  MIXTURE. 

R.   Tincturae  nucis  vomicaj, 

Tiucturai  capsici aa  |  ij. 

Liquoris  potassii  arsenitis.  .  3  iij. 

Aqua; q.  s.  ad  2  viij 

Misce  et  fiat  mistura. 

Sig.  :  One  ounce  three  times  a 
before  feeding. 


lay 


LINIMENT  (ANODYNE). 

{ .   Tincturae  opii 3  ij. 

Tincturae  belladonnae, 

Tincturje  aconiti aa  §  j. 

Linimenti  saponis. .  .q.  s.  ad  |  viij. 
Misce  et  fiat  linimentum. 


Sig. 
day. 


Apply  two  or  three  times   a 


LOTION  FOR  BURNS. 

5.    Olei  lini, 

Liquoris  calcis aa  3  viij. 

Acidi  carbolici 3  j. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Sig.  :  Wet  the  dressing  and  cover  the 
part  to  exclude  the  air. 


LINIMENT  (STIMULATING). 

( .    Tincturje  cantharidis, 

Camphorae  gunimi, 

Tincturai  capsici aa  §  ij. 

Linimenti  saponis  . .  .q.  s.  ad  §  xij. 
Misce  et  fiat  linimentum. 
Sig.  :  Apply  two  or  three  times  a  day. 
For  sprains,  sorcthroat,  etc. 


FOR  BURNS. 

R.    Acidi  borici ^  ss. 

Aquae  rosa;   Oj. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Sig.  :  Apply  piece  of  oil-silk  dipped 
in  solution  and  cover  with  loose  band- 
age. 


WHITE   LOTION. 

R .    Zinci  sulphatis 3  vj. 

Plumbi  acetatis  pulveris 3  j. 

Aqua; Oj. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Sig.  :  Bathe  parts  two  or  three  times 
a  day. 

Beneficial  for  swollen  legs  after  the 
acute'  symptoms  have  subsided. 


244 


APPENDIX. 


RINGWORM. 

I .   Argenti  nitratis gr. 

Adipis  benzoinati |  j. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 

Sig. :  Wash  the  parts  and  apply. 


INJECTION  FOR  FISTULA. 

5.   Hydrogenii  peroxidi, 

Liquoris  calcis aa  §  viij . 

Misce  et  fiat  solutio. 

Sig. :  Inject  once  a  day,  the  quantity 
to  vary  with  the  case. 

Good  in  all  cavities  where  pus  is 
present. 


FISTULOUS  TRACTS. 

5 .    Hydrargyri  bichloridi, 

Acidi  hydrochlorici aa  ^  ss. 

Aquas  buUientis |  Ix. 

Misce  et  fiat  solutio. 

Sig. :  Inject  once  a  day,  according  to 
indications. 


EYE   DROPS. 

5.    Atropinae  sulphatis gr.  ir. 

Aquae  destillatae §  j. 

Misce  et  fiat  coUyrium. 

Sig.  :  Few  drops  in  eye  two  or  three 
times  a  day. 

May  be  used  in  conjunctivitis,  etc. 


COLLYRIUM. 

5  •   Argenti  nitratis gr.  ij. 

Aquae  destillatae |  j. 

Misce  et  fiat  collyrium. 

Sig.  :  Apply  to  the  membrane  with 
camels'-hair  brush. 
In  conjunctivitis. 


UNGUENTUM    CANTHARIDIS. 

Used  in  American  Veterinary  College. 
IJ .    Picis  liquidi, 

Resinje aa  ^  iv. 

Cerae  flavae §  iij. 

Olei  olivae 1  ^j  • 

Pulveris  cantharidis |  vj. 

Pulveris  euphorbii |  ij. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 
Melt  first  three,  add  oil  and  then  the 
powders ;  stir  till  cold. 


FOR  SCABIES. 

5 .    Creosoti ^  j. 

Alcoholis  diluti §  xv. 

Aqua? f  xl. 

Misce  et  fiat  lotio. 

Sig.  :  Apply  after  washing  the  parts 
thoroughly. 


UNGUENTUM   HYDRARGYRUM. 

IJ .    Hydrargyri  biniodidi 3  ij. 

Adipis I  ij. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 
Good  for  curbs,  splints,  etc. 


HOOF   OINTMENT. 

5  •    Cerae  flavae, 
Olei  olivae, 
Adipis, 
Terebinthinas  Venetae, 

Mellis aa  5  viij. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 
Melt  wax,  oil,  and   lard — slow   fire 
and  copper  pan ;  then  add  rest  and  stir 
till  cold. 


ABSORBING  OINTMENT. 

5.    lodi, 

Potassii  iodidi aa  3  ss. 

Adipis Ij. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 

Sig.  :  Rub  in  well  once  or  twice  a 
day  till  the  part  becomes  slightly  blis- 
tered ;  stop  for  a  day  or  so  and  apply 
sweet  oil. 

Good  for  swollen  glands,  knee- 
capped  hock,  etc. 


B .    Unguenti  zinci ^  ij. 

Balsami  Peruviani 3  ij. 

Acidi  carbolici 3  ss. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 
Sig.  :  Apply  after  washing  the  parts. 
For  sores,  cracked  heels,  etc.,  especi- 
ally if  moist. 


9 .    Cupri  subacetatis 3  ij. 

Adipis I  ij. 

•Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 

Sig.  :  Wash  parts  thoroughly  and  ap- 
ply- 

May  be  used  for  cracked  heels, 
grease  heels,  etc. 


PKESCRIPTIONS    USED   IN   CANINE   PRACTICE. 


245 


PRESCRIPTIONS  USED  IN  CANINE  PRACTICE. 


B 


ASTHMA. 

.   Pulveris  ipecacuanhas, 

Pulveris  opii aa  gr 

Pulveris  glycyrrhizae  ra- 

dicia gr 

Pulveris  rhei gr. 

Misce  et  fiant  pilulse,  No.  xxiv 
Sig. :  One  pill  night  and  morning. 


TJ- 


XXIV. 

xij. 


ASTHMA. 

5 .    Potassii  iodidi    3  ij. 

Spiritus  ammoniae  aroraatici. .  §  j. 
Tincturaj  quassiae, 

Aquae aa^  ij. 

Misce. 

Sig. :  3  j.  t.  i.  d. 

May  be  used  during  and  between  the 
attacks. 


STOMACH  WORMS. 


R 


.    Santonini, 

Hydrargyri  chloridi  mitis .  aa  gr.  iij . 

Misce  et  fiant  piluhe,  No.  vj. 

Sig.  :  Give  one  each  morning  till  two 
or  three  pills  have  been  given. 

Dose  varies  from  half  a  pill  to  three 
pills,  according  to  size  and  age  of  pup. 


HEMORRHOIDS. 

i .   Pulveris  opii 3ij. 

.  Acidi  tannici 3  iss. 

Unguenti  zinci |  iij. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 

Sig.  :  Apply  once  or  twice  a  day. 


COLIC. 

5 .   Extracti  cannabis  Indicse  flu- 

if'i 3  j. 

Spiritus  chloroformi 3  ij. 

Acidi  hydrocyanici  diluti  . . . .  3  ss. 

Acaciae  pulveris |  ss. 

Aquae q.  s.  ad  §  ij. 

Alisce  et  fiat  emulsura. 

Sig.  :  3  j.  in  water,  repeated  till  pain 
is  relieved. 

Good  where  colics  are  caused  by  in- 
digestible food. 


RACHITIS. 

Q.   Calcii  phosphatis, 

Ferri  phospliatis aa  gr.  xxxvj. 

Misce  et  fiant  pulveres,  No.  xij. 

Sig.  :  One  powder  night  and  morn- 
ing. 


9 


OTITIS. 

Acidi  carbolici, 

Zinci  sulphatis, 

Plumbi  acetatis aa  gr.  x. 

Aquae  destillataj f  1  vii j . 

Misce  et  fiat  solutio. 
Sig.  :  Inject  twice  a  day. 
Good,  especially  where  the  discharge 
is  offensive. 


IRITIS— KERATITIS. 

Q.    Atropinae  sulphatis gr.  ij. 

Glycerini gtt.  v. 

AquiC  rosae §  j. 

Misce  et  fiat  collyrium. 
Sig.  :  Few  drops  in  eye  two  or  three 
times  a  day. 


TONIC  IN  DYSPEPSIA. 


R 


Pulveris  calumbae, 

Zingiberis  radicis  pulveris.  .aa3  j. 
Misce  et  fiant  pulveres,  No.  vj. 
Sig. :  One  in  molasses  or  syrup  three 
times  a  day. 


INDIGESTION   POWDERS. 

3 .    Bisrauthi  subnitratis 3  ij. 

Pepsini    3  j- 

Misce  et  fiant  pulveres,  No.  xij. 

Sig.  :  One  on  tongue  every  two  or 
three  hours. 

Good  where  food  is  vomited ;  best 
given  after  eating. 


CONSTIPATION. 

R .   Olei  ricini ^  iss. 

Syrupi  rliainni  cathartici. .  • .  |  j- 

Syrupi  papaveris |  ss. 

Misce. 

Sig. :  Half  to  two  ounces  (repeated 
if  necessary),  according  to  size  of  dog, 
etc. 


246 


APPENDIX. 


FEVER  MIXTUEE. 

3.   Quininae  sulphatis 3]' 

Acidi  hydrochlorici  diluti  .  f  3  j. 

Tincturae  belladonnse 3  iss. 

Spiritus  aetheris  nitrosi |  j. 

Aquae q.  8.  ad  |  iij. 

Misce. 

Sig. :  3  j.  or  3  ij.  every  two  or  three 
hours. 


FOR   ULCERS. 

5 .    Sodii  chloridi I  iiss. 

Mentholis 3  ij- 

Misce  et  fiat  pulvis. 

Sig. :  Wash  well  and  apply  the  pow- 
der. 

Useful  in  ulcers  that  are  slow  to 
heal. 


FOR  SCABIES. 

I.    Sulphuris  praecipitatis |  ss. 

Balsami  Peruviani |  ss. 

Adipis, 

Petrolati aa  |  iss. 

Misce  et  fiat  unguentum. 
Sig.  :  Wash  parts  and  apply. 


ACUTE   INDIGESTION. 

3 .   Tincturae  nucis  vomicae, 

Acidi  hydrochlorici  diluti.  .aa  3  ss. 

Bismuthi  subnitratis 3  ij. 

Liquoris  pepsini |  j. 

Syrupi  aurantii q.  s.  ad  |  ij. 

Misce. 
,     Sig. :  Teaspoonful  every  three  hours. 
Good  where  there  is  a  lack  of  gastric 
juice  and  the  digestive  powers  are  weak. 


INDEX. 


Abdominal  dropsy,  185 
Abnormal  respirations,  37 

sounds  on  auscultation,  108 

sounds  on  percussion,  107 
Abscess,  in  colt  distemper,  71 

in  parotiditis,  160 

superpharj'ng-eal,  162 
Abscesses,  metastatic,  87 
Accelerated  respiration,  38 
Acquired  hydrocephalus,  228 
Actinomycosis,  80 
Active  hypertemia  of  the  brain,  S20 

of  the  kidnej-s,  192 

of  the  liver,  186 

of  the  lungs,  129 
Acute  bronchitis,  124 

diiferential  diagnosis  of,  151 
Acute  gastritis,  170 

glanders,  77 

laryngitis,  117 

lobar  pneumonia,  134 

nasal  catarrh, 111 
Adenitis  equorum,  70 
Adenitis,  rhino-,  70 
etiology,  definition  of,  34 

of  inflammation,  50 
Albumin  in  urine,  test  for,  199 
Amphoric  respiration,  109 

sound,  107 
Amyloid  degeneration,  189 

liver,  189 
Anaemia,  62 

causes,  62 

symptoms,  63 

treatment,  63 

of  the  brain,  221 
Anaesthesia,  215 


Anasarca,  92 
Anuria,  202 
Aphthae,  159 
Apncea,  47 
Apoplexy,  cerebral,  222 

pulmonarj',  132 
Arachnitis,  226 
Arrhythmia,  211 
Ascites,  definition  of,  185 
Asphyxia,  47 
Aspiration  in  pleurisy,  153 

in  tympanites,  178 
Asthenia,  46,  47 
Atrophy,  57 
Auscultation,  definition  of,  108 

in  bronchitis,  125 

in  pericarditis^  205 

in  pleurisy,  130 

in  pneumonia,  137 
Azoturia,  definition,  236 

prescription  for,  243 

symptoms,  236 

treatment,  238 

urine  in,  239 


Bastard  strangles,  72 
Big  head, 100 

jaw,  SO 
Bile  in  the  blood,  185 

in  urine,  test  for,  199 
Bladder,  inflammation  of,  203 
Bleeder's  disease,  95 
Bleeding  from  lungs,  132 

from  nasal  cavity,  115 
Blind  staggers,  216 
Blood,  changes  in,  62 
247 


24S 


INDEX. 


Blood,  in  anaemia,  62 

in  leucocythaemia,  65 

in  plethora,  64 

in  purpura  haenaorrhagica,  92 

in  urine,  201 

in  urine,  test  for,  199 
Bloodj^  flux,  83 
Bone  softening,  98 
Bowels,  diseases  of,  175 
Brachycardia,  211 
Brain,  anaemia  of,  221 

congestion  of,  220 

death  beginning  at,  48 

diseases  of,  220 

dropsy  of,  227 

inflammation  of,  225 
Breathing,  abdominal,  38 

difficult,  38 

irregular,  38 

quickened,  38 

stertorous,  38 

thoracic,  38 
Broken  wind,  143 
Bronchial  hemorrhage,  132 

rales,  110 
Bronchiectasis,  128 
Bronchitis,  acute,  124 

causes,  124 

forms,  123 

physical  signs,  125 

symptoms,  124 

treatment,  125 
Broncho-pneumonia,  141 
Broncho  -  pulmonary    hemorrhage, 

132 
Bronchorrhagia,  ,132 
Broncho-vesicular  breathing,  109 


Cachexia  ossifraga,  96 
Caecum,  impaction  of,  182 
Cardiac  dilatation,  209 

hypertrophy,  208 

palpitation,  210 
Cardinal    symptoms    of    inflamma- 
tion, 51 


Cams,  definition  of,  215 
Catalepsy,  definition  of,  219 
Catarrh,  acute  nasal.  111 

causes.  111 

symptoms,  112 

treatment,  113 

chronic  nasal,  113 
Catarrhal  fever,  G7 

inflammations,  53 
Causes,  endopathic,  34 

exciting,  34 

exopathic,  34 

of  broken  wind,  144 

of  coma,  216 

of  disease,  34 

of  dysentery,  83 

of  fever,  61 

of  glanders,  75 

of  inflammation,  50 

of  purpura  haemorrhagica,  92 

of  roaring,  122 

of  rupture  of  stomach,  174 

predisposing,  34 
Cavernous  respiration,  111 

sounds,  109 
Cerebral  anaemia,  221 

apoplexy,  222 

congestion,  220 

embolism,  224 

thrombosis,  224 
Cerebritis,  225 

Cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  85 
Choking,  164 

symptoms  of,  165 
Chorea,  deflnition  of,  218 
Chronic  bronchitis,  126 

catarrhal  inflammation,  53 

gastritis,  172 

glanders,  76 

hepatitis,  188 

hydrocephalus,  228 

laryngitis,  119 

nasal  catarrh,  113 

whistling,  121 
Circulatory  system,  diseases  of,  204 
Cirrhosis  of  the  liver,  188 
Classification  of  diseases,  58 
Clinical  signs  of  inflammation,  51 


INDEX. 


249 


Clonic  spasms,  231 
Coagulation   of  the  blood   in  anae- 
mia, G2 

in  leucocythaemia,  65 

in  purpura  htemorrhagica,  92 
Colic,  prescription  for,  241,  242 

spasmodic,  175 

treatment  of,  178 

tympanitic,  177 
Colitis,  180 

Colon,  impaction  of,  182 
Color  of  urine,  197 
Colt  distemper,  70 
Coma,  48,  215 
Communicable  diseases,  45 
Congestion  of  the  brain,  220 

of  the  liver,  186 

of  the  lungs,  129 
Constipation,  182 
Constitutional  diseases,  92 
Constriction  of  the  intestines,  178 

of  the  oesophagus,  166 
Contagious  disease,  44 
Coutinued  fever,  61 
Convulsions,  220 
Coryza,  110 
Costiveness,  183 
Cough,  dry,  38 

kinds  of,  38 

moist,  38 

prescription  for,  242 
Cracked-pot  sound,  107 
Crepitant  rCiles,  137 
Cribbing,  156 
Crisis,  46 

in  pneumonia,  137 
Croupous  inflammations,  53 
Cutaneous  glanders,  77 
Cystitis,  203 


Death,  beginning  at  the  brain,  48 
beginning  at  the  heart,  46 
beginning  at  the  lungs,  47 
by  anaemia,  47 
by  apncea,  48 
by  asphyxia,  47 


Death  by  asthenia,  47 

by  coma,  48 

by  sjncope,  40,  47 

from  hemorrhage,  48 

modes  of,  46 
Deep  inflammation,  52 
Defervescence  in  fever,  59 
Definition  of  disease,  44 

of  general  symptomatology,  35 

of  treatment,  43 
Degeneration,  57 

of  the  liver,  189 
Delirium,  215 

Destruction  in  inflammation,  55 
Diabetes,  forms  of,  102 

insipidus,  104 

mellitus,  103 
Diagnosis,  definition,  42 

differential,  42 

direct,  42 

indirect,  42 

of  azoturia,  237 

of  bronchitis,  125 

of  colic,  178 

of  enteritis,  181 

of  glanders,  78 

of  hydrocephalus,  229 

of  influenza,  69 

of  laryngitis,  118 

of  osteoporosis,  102 

of  pericarditis,  206 

of  pleurisy,  151 

of  pharyngitis,  160 

of  pneumonia,  138 

of  pulmonary  emphysema,  146 

of  purjjura  ha?morrhagica,  93 

of  rachitis,  99 

of  roaring,  122 

of  spinal  meningitis,  232 

of  sunstroke,  235 

of  tetanus.  90 
Diaphragm,  rupture  of,  213 

spasm  of,  213 
Diarrhoea,  182 

prescription  for,  241 
Diathesis,  hemorrhagic,  95 
Diet  in  enteritis,  181 

in  pleurisy,  153 


250 


INDEX. 


Diet,  in  pneumonia,  141 
Differential  diagTiosis,  definition,  42 
Difficult  respiration,  38 
Digestive  system,  diseases  of,  155 
Dilatation  of  the  heart,  209 

of  the  oesophagus,  16G 
Diphtheritic  inflammations,  54 
Disease,  classification  of,  58 

communicable,  45 

contagious,  44 

definition  of,  44 

enzootic,  45 

epizootic,  45,  67 

functional,  44 

infectious,  44,  67 

organic,  44 

panzootic,  45 

septic,  45 

sporadic,  45 

terminations  of,  46 

zymotic,  45 
Diseases  of  the  bladder,  203 

of  the  blood,  62 

of  the  brain,  220 

of  the  diaphragm,  213 

of  the  digestive  system,  155 

of  the  heart,  204 

of  the  intestines,  175 

of  the  kidneys,  192 

of  the  liver,  185 

of  the  lungs,  129 

of  the  mouth,  155 

of  the  nasal  passages,  111 

of  the  nervous  system,  215 

of  the  oesophagus,  164 

of  the  peritoneum,  183 

of  the  pleura,  147 

of  the  stomach,  169 
Distemper,  colt,  70 
Dourine,  78 
Dropsy,  abdominal,  185 

general,  92 

of  the  brain,  227 
Dry  rales,  110 
Dummy,  228 
Duodenitis,  179 
Dysentery,  definition,  83 

symptoms,  83 


Dj-sentery,  treatment,  84 
Dyspepsia,  acute,  170 

chronic,  172 
Dj^sphagia,  168 
Dyspnoea,  38 

E 

Embolism,  cerebral,  224 
Emphysema,  pulmonary,  143 

diagnosis,  146 

treatment,  146 
Emprosthotonos,  90 
Empysema,  153 
Encephalic  hemorrhage,  222 
Encephalitis,  225 
Endocarditis,  207 
Enteralgia,  175 
Enteritis,  179 

differential  diagnosis,  181 

treatment  of,  181 
Enzootic  disease,  45 
Epilepsy,  220 
Epistaxis,  115 
Epizootic  disease,  45 
Equina,  75 
Equine  rabies,  82 

syphilis,  78 

variola,  74 
Eruptions  in  dourine,  79 

in  farcy,  77 

in  glanders,  76 

in  purjjura  hsemorrhagica,  93 

in  variola,  73 
Eruptive  fever,  61 
Essential  fever,  59 
Etiology,  34 
Exciting  causes,  34 
Exhaustion,  heat,  264 
Expectorant  cough,  38 
Extrinsic  causes  of  disease,  34 
Exudations  of  inflammation,  53 


Farcy,  11 

diagnosis,  78 
sj'mptoms,  77 


INDEX. 


251 


Fatty  liver,  189 

Fehling's  test  for  sugar,  200 

Femoral  cramp,  219 

symptoms,  219 

treatment,  219 
Fetid  nasal  catarrh,  113 
Fever,  characteristics  of,  58 

definition,  58 

eruptive,  61 

forms,  60 

hectic,  60 

inflammatory,  60 

intermittent,  61 

kinds,  58 

periodical,  61 

prescription  for,  242 

remittent,  61 

simple,  60 

stages,  59 

symptoms,  59 

treatment,  61 

typhoid,  60 
Fibrino-purulent  exudation,  ^2 
Fibrinous  exudation,  53 
Fits,  216 
Flatulent  colic,  177 

symptoms,  177 

treatment,  178 
Floating  kidnej^  197 
Forms  of  fever,  60 

of  glanders,  75 

of  hepatitis,  187 

of  inflammation,  52 

of  influenza,  67 

of  pleurisy,  147 

of  pneumonia,  134 

of  renal  hyperaemia,  192 

of  strangles,  70 

of  treatment,  43 
Friction  sound,  150 
Functional  disease,  44 


Gangrene,  56 

of  lungs,  136 
Gastritis,  definition  of,  170 

forms  of,  169 


General  diseases,  58 

pathologv',  .'!4 

symptomatolog}',  35 
Glanders,  75 

acute,  75 

chronic,  76 

cutaneous  form  of,  77 

diagnosis  of,  78 

farcj',  77 

forms  of,  75 

latent  form  of,  77 

mode  of  procedure  in,  78 

prophylactics,  78 

symptoms,  77 
Gleet,  nasal,  113 
Glossitis,  158 
Glottis,  oedema  of,  120 
Glycosuria,  103 
Gmelin's  test  for  bile,  199 
Guttural  poiiches,  pus  in  the,  162 

symptoms,  163 

treatment,  164 


Hsematuria,  201 

Haemoglobinuria,  236 

Haemophilia,  95 

Haemoptysis,  132 

Hard  pulse,  37 

Harsh  respiratory  murmur,  109 

Heart,  death  beginning  at,  46 

diseases  of,  204 

hypertrophy,  208 
Heat  stroke,  234 
Heaves,  143 
Hectic  fever,  60 
Hemiplegia,  230 

crossed,  230 

spinal,  230 
Hemorrhage,  cerebral,  222 

nasal,  115 

pulmonic,  132 
Hemorrhagic  diathesis,  95 

exudation,  52 
Hepatitis,    acute    parenchymatous, 
187 

interstitial,  188 


252 


INDEX. 


Hepatization  in  pneumonia,  138 
Horse-pox,  74 
Hydrocejjhalus,  227 
Hydronephrosis,  197 
Hj'dro-peritoneiim,  185 
Hj'drophobia,  82 
Hydrojis  renum,  197 
Hydrothorax,  153 
Hyperemia  of  the  brain,  220 

of  the  liver,  186 

of  the  lungs,  129 
Hyperaesthesia,  215 
Hyperalgesia,  215 
Hyperinosis,  66 
Hypertrophy,  cardiac,  208 
Hypinosis,  67 

Hj-podermic    medication,    in    colic, 
177 

in  glanders,  78 

in  purpura  haemorrhagica,  95 

in  sunstroke,  235 

in  tetanus,  91 
Hypostatic  congestion,  130 


Icterus,  185 
Idiopathic  tetanus,  89 
Ileitis,  179 
Immobility,  227 
Impaction  of  intestines,  182 

of  stomach,  173 
Incontinence  of  urine,  202 
Indigestion,  acute,  170 

chronic,  172 
Infectious  disease,  67 
Infiltration,  57 

of  the  liver,  189 
Inflammation,  49 

catarrhal,  53 

causes  of,  50 

croupous,  53 

diphtheritic,  54 

emigration  of  the  cells  in,  49 

exudations  of,  52 

fibrino-serous  exudation  of,  53 

forms  of,  52 


Inflammation,  kinds  of,  53 

non-specific,  55 

specific,  55 

symptoms  of,  51 

terminations  of,  55 

treatment  of,  56 

vascular  changes  in,  49 
Inflammation  of  the  brain,  225 

of  the  guttural  pouches,  162 

of  the  heart,  208 

of  the  intestines,  179 

of  the  larynx,  116 

of  the  liver,  187 

of  the  lungs,  134 

of  the  mouth,  155 

of  the  mucous  surfaces,  53 

of  the  oesophagus,  168 

of  the  stomach,  169 
Inflammatory  fever,  60 
Influenza,  definition,  67 

causes,  67 

forms,  67 

sj'inptoms,  68 

treatment,  69 
Insolation,  234 

Inspection,  definition  of,  105 
Intermittent  pulse,  37,  211 

fever,  61 
Interstitial  inflammation,  54 

pneumonia,  142 
Intestinal  diseases,  175 

obstruction,  178 
Intoxications,  234 
Intracranial  hemorrhage,  222 
Intrinsic  causes,  34 
Introduction,  33 
Intussusception,  178 
Invagination,  178 
Irregular  breathing,  38 

teeth,  157 

strangles,  72 
Irritable  bladder,  203 

heart,  210 
Ischsemia,  62 


Jabot,  166 

Jaundice,  causation,  185 


INDEX. 


253 


Jaundice,  definition,  185 
forms,  185 
symptoms,  186 
treatment,  186 


K 

Kidneys,  cong-estion  of,  192 

diseases  of,  192 

floating,  197 

inflammation  of,  193 
Kinds  of  inflammation,  55 
Kyphosis,  99 


Lampas,  155 
■  Larg-e  pulse,  37 
Larj-ngeal  hemiplegia,  121 

oedema,  120 

rales,  110 
Larj-ngitis,  acute,  117 

causes,  117 

differential  diagnosis,  160 

symptoms,  117 

treatment,  118 
Latent  glanders,  77 
Leptomeningitis,  226 
Leucocythaemia,  64 

causation,  65 
.    diagnosis,  66 
Liver  diseases,  congestion  of,  86 

inflammation  of,  187 

symptoms  of,  186 

treatment  of,  186,  188 
Lobar  pneumonia,  134 
Lobular  pneumonia,  141 
Local  diseases,  58 

Local  treatment  of  inflammation,  56 
Lockjaw,  forms,  89 

symptoms,  89 

treatment,  91 
Lordosis,  99 
Lumpy  jaw,  80 
Lungs,  disease  of,  134 


Lungs,  congestion  of,  129 

emphj'sema  of,  143 

gangrene  of,  136 

hemorrhage  of,  132 

inflammation  of,  134 
Lysis,  46 

M 

Madness,  82 

Maladie  du  coit,  78 

Malaria,  61 

Malignant  strangles,  72 

Malingerer,  231 

Mallein,  to  diagnose  glanders,  78 

Marasmatic  fever,  60 

Meningitis,  cerebral,  85 

spinal,  232 
Mensuration,  definition,  106 
Metallic  tinkling,  111 
Metamorphosis,  57 
Metastasis,  46 

Method  of  converting  degrees  Cen- 
tigrade into  Fahrenheit,  39 
Modes  of  death,  46 
Moist  cough,  38 

rales,  110 
iloore's  test  for  sugar,  200 
Morbid  anatomj',  42 

in  acute  gastritis,  171 

in  acute  lobar  pneumonia,  134 

in  enteritis,  180 

in  nephritis,  194 

in  pleurisy,  148 

in  septicjemia,  86 
Mortification,  56 
Motor  paralysis,  230 
Mouth,  diseases  of,  155 
Mucous  membranes,  40 

in  anaemia,  40,  63 

in  glanders,  40,  76 

in  liver  diseases,  40 

in  ozena,  114 

in  purpura  hsemorrhagica,  40 
^luguet,  159 

Muscles,  spasm  of  the  patella,  219 
Myelitis.  230 
Myocarditis,  208 


254 


INDEX. 


N 


Nasal  catarrh,  111 

Nasal  gleet,  symptoms,  114 

treatment,  115 

hemorrhage,  115 
Necr«mia,  56 
Necrosis,  56 
Nephritis,  acute  tubal,  193 

interstitial,  195 
Nephroptosis,  197 
Nephro-lithiasis,  197 
Nervous  fever,  60 

system,  diseases  of,  215 
Nomenclature,  41 
Non-communicable  diseases,  45 
Non-specific  inflammations,  55 
Normal  constituents  of  the  urine, 
197 

pulse,  36 

sounds  on  auscultation,  108 

sounds  on  percussion,  107 

temperature,  39 
Nosology,  41 


Objective  symptoms,  34 
Obstruction,  intestinal,  278 

oesophageal,  264 
CEdema  of  the  glottis,  120 

of  the  lungs,  131 
CEdematous  laryngitis,  120 
OEsophagus,  acute  inflammation  of, 
168 

dilatation  of,  166 

diseases  of,  164 

foreign  bodies  in,  164 

rupture,  167 

spasm,  168 

stricture,  166 
Oligsemia,  62 
Oligocythsemia,  62 
Opisthotonos.  90 
Oppressed  breathing,  37,  38 
Organic  disease,  44 
Orthotonos,  90 


Osteomalacia,  95 
Osteoporosis,  100 
Ozena,  113 


Pachymeningitis,  226 
Pain,  varieties  of,  35 

in  inflammation,  51 
Palpation,  105 
Palpitation,  cardiac,  210 

of  diaphragm,  213 
Pancreas,  diseases  of,  191 
Pancreatitis,  191 

Panzootic  disease,  definition  of,  45 
Paracentesis,  abdominis,  178 

thoracis,  153 
Parsesthesia,  215 
Paralysis,  local,  230 

of  the  pharj^nx,  161 

of  the  posterior  extremity,  23() 

varieties  of,  230 
Paraplegia,  230 
Parenchymatous  changes  in  infl.aiae 

mation,  50 
Parenchymatous  inflammation,  54 
Parotitis,  159 
Paroxysmal  vertigo,  216 
Parrot  mouth,  156 
Passive  congestion  of  the  brain,  22C 

of  the  kidneys,  192 

of  the  liver,  186 

of  the  lungs,  130 
Pathognomonic  symptoms,  35 
Pathology,   general,  33 

special,  33 
Percussion,  definition  of,  106 

in  bronchitis,  125 

in  pleurisy,  150 

in  pneumonia,  137,  142 

in  pulmonary  emphysema,  146 

soimds  elicited  by,  106 
Pericarditis,  204 
Perinephritis,  196 
Periodical  fevers,  61 
Period  of  incubation,  73 

in  dourine,  79 

in  glanders.  77 


INDEX. 


255 


Period  of  incubation  in  influenza,  68 

in  rabies,  S2 

in  rhino-adenitis,  70 

in  variola,  73 
Peritonitis,  183 

symptoms,  184 

treatment,  184 
Petechifp  in  purpura,  92 
Pharyngitis,  160 

symptoms,  160 

treatment,  161 
Phosphates  in  urine,  test  for,  199 
Physical  diagnosis,  105 
Physical  properties  of  urine,  197 
Physical  signs,  105 

in  bronchitis,  125 

in  pericarditis,  205 

in  pleurisy,  150 

in  pneumonia,  137 
Phj'siognomy  of  disease,  35 
Pica,  in  osteomalacia,  96 
Pink-eye,  67 
Plastic  pleurisy,  147 
Plethora,  64 
Pleura,  diseases  of,  147 
Pleural  rales,  110 
Pleurisy,  diagnosis,  151 

forms,  147 

physical  signs,  150 

symptoms,  149 

treatment,  152 
Pleuro-pneumonia,  139 
Pleurosthotonos,  90 
Pneumonia,    differential    diagnosis, 
151 

forms,  134 

pathology,  134 

physical  signs,  137 

symptoms,  136 

treatment,  139 
Poliomyelitis,  230 
Polycythsemia,  64 
Polyuria,  104 

Post-pharj-ngeal  abscess,  162 
Pneumorrhagia,  132 
Pneumothorax,  153 
Precursory  symptoms,  34 
Predisposing  causes,  34 


Prefixes,  41 

Premonitory  sj'mptoms,  34 

Prescriptions  for  azoturia,  243 

for  bums,  243 

for  colic,  241 

for  cough,  242 

for  diarrha?a,  241 

for  dropsy,  243 

for  the  eye,  244 

for  fever,  242 

for  hemorrhoids,  245 

for  laryngitis,  242 

for  rachitis,  245 

for  worms,  245 

for  wounds,  243 

in  canine  practice,  245 

in  equine  practice,  241 
Proctitis,  definition  of,  ISO 
Production  in  inflammation,  55 
Prognosis,  definition,  43 
Prophylactic  treatment,  43 

of  glanders,  78 
Pulmonarj'  apoplexy,  132 

emphj'sema,  143 
symptoms,  145 
treatment,  146 

hyperaemia,  129 

oedema,  131 
Pulse,  35,  204 

abnormal.  36 

frequent,  36,  211 

hard,  37 

intermittent,  37 

irregular,  37 

large.  37 

normal.  36 

quick,  36 

slow,  37 

small,  37 

soft,  37 

varieties,  36,  211 
Purging,  182 
Purpura  hiemorrhagica,  92 

causes,  92 

prognosis,  94 

sjTnptoms.  93 

treatment,  94 
Purulent  exudation,  52 


256 


INDEX. 


Purulent  pleurisy,  153 

Pus  in  the  g-uttural  pouches,  162 

in  the  urine,  test  for,  200 
Pyaemia,  causation,  87 

differential  diagnosis,  88 

symptoms,  88 

treatment,  88 
Pyelitis,  196 

Pyo-pneumo-hydro-thorax,  154 
Pyonephrosis,  196 
Pyrexia,  .58 
Pyuria,  201 

Q 

Quick  pulse,  36 
Quickened  respiration,  38 


Rabies,  82 

equina,  82 
Rachitis,  98 
Eales,  definition  of,  109 

in  bronchitis,  125 

in  pericarditis,  205 

in  pleurisy,  150 

in  pneumonia,  137 

varieties  of,  110 
Eay  fungus,  81 
Reaction  of  the  urine,  197 
Reflex  action,  231 
Renal  congestion,  192 

inflammation,  193 
Resolution,  definition  of,  55 
Respirations  in  pleurisy,  150 

in  pulmonary  emphj'sema,  145 

varieties  of,  37 
Respiratory  murmur,  harsh,  109 

system,  diseases  of,  105 
Retention  of  urine,  202 

in  azoturia,  239 
Rhinitis,  111 
Rhino-adenitis,  70 
Rickets,  98 
Roaring,  121 


Rupture  of  the  diaphragm,  213 
of  the  cesophagus,  167 
of  the  stomach,  174 


S 


Salivation  in  oesophagitis,  169 

in  stomatitis,  157 
Scoliosis,  99 
Secretions  in  fever,   59 
Semiology,  34 
Septic  diseases,  45 
Septicaemia,  86 

differential  diagnosis,  88 
Sibilant  rale,  110 
Simple  atrophy,  57 

fever,  60 
Slough,  56 
Small  pulse,  37 
Snoring,  38 
Soft  pulse,  37 
Sonorous  rale,  110 
Sopor,  definition  of,  216 
Sore  throat,  117 
Sounds,  bronchial  or  tubal,  110 

elicited  on  percussion,  106 

pulmonic  or  vesicular,  110 
Spanremia,  62 
Spasm,  definition  of,  231 

clonic,  231 

of  the  diaphragm,  213 

of  the  patella  muscles,  219 

tonic,  231 
Spasmodic  colic,  175 
Special  pathologj^  33 
Specific  diseases,  45 

gravity  of  the  urine,  197 

inflammations,  55 
Sphacelus.  56 

Spinal  cord,  inflammation  of,  232 
Spleen,  diseases  of.  190 
Sporadic  disease,  45 
Stage  of  incubation,  73 
Stages  of  fever,  59 

of  pleurisy,  148 

of  pneumonia,  134 
Staggers,  causes,  216 


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